feat: add numerical laplace transform

[Tushar-R-Tyagi]

Describe your change:

I have added a numerical implementation of the Laplace transform in the maths/ directory.

• Add an algorithm?
• Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
• Add or change doctests? -- Note: Please avoid changing both code and tests in a single pull request.
• Documentation change?

Checklist:

• I have read CONTRIBUTING.md.
• This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
• I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
• This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
• All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
• All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
• All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
• All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python type hints.
• All functions have doctests that pass the automated testing.
• All new algorithms include at least one URL that points to Wikipedia or another similar explanation.
• If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the description above includes the issue number(s) with a closing keyword: "Fixes #ISSUE-NUMBER".

[Tushar-R-Tyagi]

pre-commit.ci autofix

[Copilot]

Pull request overview

Adds a numerical (sampled-data) Laplace transform implementation to the maths/ algorithms collection.

Changes:

• Introduces laplace_transform() that applies an exponential kernel and integrates via the trapezoidal rule.
• Adds doctest examples for two basic reference functions.

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[Copilot]

The convergence check if s_value < 0: raise ... is not generally correct for the Laplace transform (e.g., for f(t)=e^{-t}, the transform converges for Re(s) > -1). Also, since this implementation integrates over a finite sampled window, negative s_value won't inherently diverge. Consider removing this restriction, or (if you keep it) documenting it as a deliberate limitation rather than a convergence requirement.