Implement param bounds on non-lifetime binders

[makai410]

Continuation of: #115362

Quote from the previous PR:

This PR adds resolution and AST lowering for where clauses on binders. The meaning for for<T> now becomes for<T: Sized> like regular generics positions, and you are now able to write for<T: Trait> (and for<T: ?Sized>). Binder predicates are only considered in the new solver today. Since non-lifetime binders is an incomplete feature, I don't think we need to do any messaging to tell people that they don't work correctly in the old solver, but I'll see to that in a follow-up.

This PR then adds a new List<ty::Clause> to binders. Most places in the compiler shouldn't care about them existing, but eventually as support for non-lifetime binders gets fleshed out we should be more careful about asserting that they're handled. This will not happen in this PR.

Tracking:

• Tracking Issue for non-lifetime binders #108185

r? @ghost

[rust-log-analyzer]

The job x86_64-gnu-pre-stabilization failed! Check out the build log: (web) (plain enhanced) (plain)

Click to see the possible cause of the failure (guessed by this bot)

---- [ui] tests/ui/traits/non_lifetime_binders/unifying-placeholders-in-query-response.rs#next stdout ----

error in revision `next`: test compilation failed although it shouldn't!
status: exit status: 1
command: env -u RUSTC_LOG_COLOR RUSTC_ICE="0" RUST_BACKTRACE="short" "/checkout/obj/build/x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu/stage1/bin/rustc" "/checkout/tests/ui/traits/non_lifetime_binders/unifying-placeholders-in-query-response.rs" "-Zthreads=1" "-Zsimulate-remapped-rust-src-base=/rustc/FAKE_PREFIX" "-Ztranslate-remapped-path-to-local-path=no" "-Z" "ignore-directory-in-diagnostics-source-blocks=/cargo" "-Z" "ignore-directory-in-diagnostics-source-blocks=/checkout/vendor" "--sysroot" "/checkout/obj/build/x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu/stage1" "--target=x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu" "--cfg" "next" "--check-cfg" "cfg(test,FALSE,current,next)" "--error-format" "json" "--json" "future-incompat" "-Ccodegen-units=1" "-Zui-testing" "-Zdeduplicate-diagnostics=no" "-Zwrite-long-types-to-disk=no" "-Cstrip=debuginfo" "--emit" "metadata" "-C" "prefer-dynamic" "--out-dir" "/checkout/obj/build/x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu/test/ui/traits/non_lifetime_binders/unifying-placeholders-in-query-response.next" "-A" "unused" "-W" "unused_attributes" "-A" "internal_features" "-A" "incomplete_features" "-A" "unused_parens" "-A" "unused_braces" "-Crpath" "-Cdebuginfo=0" "-Lnative=/checkout/obj/build/x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu/native/rust-test-helpers" "-Znext-solver"
stdout: none
--- stderr -------------------------------
error[E0283]: type annotations needed: cannot satisfy `T1: Foo<usize>`
##[error]  --> /checkout/tests/ui/traits/non_lifetime_binders/unifying-placeholders-in-query-response.rs:21:9
   |
LL |     T1: for<T: ?Sized> Foo<usize, Bar<T> = T>,
   |         ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
   |
   = note: cannot satisfy `T1: Foo<usize>`
help: the trait `Foo<usize>` is implemented for `()`
  --> /checkout/tests/ui/traits/non_lifetime_binders/unifying-placeholders-in-query-response.rs:15:1

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[rust-bors]

☔ The latest upstream changes (presumably #158122) made this pull request unmergeable. Please resolve the merge conflicts by rebasing.

[chenyukang]

link #154631