sqlite: check sqlite3_step() and sqlite3_reset() results

[semimikoh]

Summary

Per the SQLite docs, sqlite3_reset(S) may return a deferred error code
from the prior sqlite3_step(S) call. Several statement execution paths in
src/node_sqlite.cc dropped that return value, which could silently ignore
SQLite errors.

This also checks the previously ignored sqlite3_step() result in
StatementExecutionHelper::Run().

Fixes: #63311

Approach

Successful execution paths now explicitly check sqlite3_reset().

Functions with early-return or V8-exception paths keep an OnScopeLeave
reset guard so prepared statements are left reusable. The guard intentionally
drops the reset result to avoid replacing an already-pending SQLite or V8
exception.

StatementSyncIterator::Next() and StatementSyncIterator::Return() use a
direct checked reset because their control flow is linear.

$ python3 tools/cpplint.py src/node_sqlite.cc

Done processing src/node_sqlite.cc

$ git diff --check -- src/node_sqlite.cc

A full local build was not completed because this machine has Apple clang
16.0.0, while the current tree requires a newer macOS toolchain. The build
fails in V8 because std::atomic_ref is unavailable.

[nodejs-github-bot]

Review requested:

• @nodejs/sqlite

[codecov]

Codecov Report

❌ Patch coverage is 69.44444% with 11 lines in your changes missing coverage. Please review.
✅ Project coverage is 90.05%. Comparing base (2edd842) to head (4740589).
⚠️ Report is 3 commits behind head on main.

Files with missing lines	Patch %	Lines
src/node_sqlite.cc	69.44%	2 Missing and 9 partials ⚠️

Additional details and impacted files

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##             main   #63319      +/-   ##
==========================================
+ Coverage   90.04%   90.05%   +0.01%     
==========================================
  Files         714      714              
  Lines      225338   225361      +23     
  Branches    42598    42614      +16     
==========================================
+ Hits       202897   202942      +45     
+ Misses      14236    14190      -46     
- Partials     8205     8229      +24     

Files with missing lines	Coverage Δ
src/node_sqlite.cc	80.35% <69.44%> (-0.28%)	⬇️

... and 34 files with indirect coverage changes

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[geeksilva97]

I tried to reproduce a situation where the current code wouldn't catch the error but I couldn't. Please, get such a case into a test so it's clear which situation we must cover.