[frontend] Support one-time passwords (e.g. for public file shares)

[theCalcaholic]

This PR contains the frontend changes and is based on the corresponding backend PR, which can be found at #61722. This PR needs to be merged after the backend PR.

Work in-progress

This PR is functional but still in progress. I would very much appreciate architecture and implementation specific feedback while I'm working on polishing and the missing UI portion for OTP protected share creation.

• Partially solves: Extendible anonymous sharing authentication options #38906
• Related: Allow temporary email passwords to be one-time use only #32353
• Related: External verification of Share (via Link) #44406

Summary

This PR adds one-time password management to Nextcloud server and integrates them with the files_sharing app.

Screenshots

Password authentication page for OTP protected shares

Example OTP email sent to users

The logo is not displayed, because I'm testing with a local Nextcloud instance at a non-public URL.

New UI for selecting an authentication method during share creation

Previous UI for selecting an auth method for comparison

TODO

• (core) Implement OTP core functionality
• (core) Implement OTP integration into shares
• (files_sharing) Implement creation of OTP protected shares via OCS
• (files_sharing) Implement retrieval of public OTP protected shares via UI
• (files_sharing) Implement retrieval of public OTP protected shares via OCS
• (files_sharing) Implement UI for creating OTP protected shares (files->sidebar->sharing)
• Better email template
• Tests
• Linting

Changes made

The authentication page for public shares has been updated to accomodate OTPs (see screenshot).
When an OTP is required for a share, the authentication form will change to present a button for requesting an OTP in addition to the normal password field. It will also display a different title above the password field.

The email template for sending OTPs to users is located in apps/otp_provider_email/lib/listener/SendOneTimePasswordEventListener.php and uses Nextclouds usual APIs for templating emails.

Another change will happen in the sharing sidebar (files->sidebar->sharing). The work on this is still ongoing.

Checklist

• Code is properly formatted
• Sign-off message is added to all commits
• Tests (unit, integration, api and/or acceptance) are included
• Screenshots before/after for front-end changes
• Documentation (manuals or wiki) has been updated or is not required
• Backports requested where applicable (ex: critical bugfixes)
• Labels added where applicable (ex: bug/enhancement, 3. to review, feature component)
• Milestone added for target branch/version (ex: 32.x for stable32)

AI (if applicable)

• The content of this PR was partly or fully generated using AI

[theCalcaholic]

The frontend part is now also complete and ready for review. Let me know if there's any way I can support :)

[theCalcaholic]

After talking with @miaulalala I am closing this PR and merging it into the prerequisite (formerly backend) PR.

[github-actions]

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