Git 101

Git is a distributed version control system, created by Linus Torvalds in 2005. Git is practical, simplified, fast, efficient, and free and open source.

First commands

Name	Command	Description
Init	git init	Create directory configured as a git repository
Status	git status	Show repository status
Add	git add <file name>	Add new and modified files for next commit
Commit	git commit -m 'description'	Register commit with all files you used git add
Log	git log	View latest commits in repository
Settings	git config --global user.email "you@example.com ”	Set up your email (only the first time)
	git config --global user.name “Your Name”	Set up your name (only the first time)

File status

• ❌ Untracked
• 🆕 Modified
• 🆗 Staged
• ✔️ Committed

Workflow

• ✂️ Edit,
• 📝 Commit, and
• 🔃 Sync with remote repository

Create a remote repository

Name	Command	Description
Remote	git remote -v	Configure the server
	git remote add <remote><url>	Add another remote server
Push	git push -u origin master	Sync with remote repository the first time
	git push	Sync with remote repository
Clone	git clone <url>	Download remote repository
Pull	git pull	Keep repository synchronized with last branch commits

History and conflicts

Name	Command	Description
Diff	git diff [path]	Display differences between commits and branches
	git diff HEAD~1	Shows what was changed in the last commit
Checkout	git checkout <commit><file>	Shows how a file or entire repository was in a given commit
	git checkout <commit>	Changes the repository to that commit state
	git checkout master	To return the repository to the last commit
	git checkout -- <path_or_file>	Undo all non-stage changes since the last commit
	git checkout HEAD -- <path_file>	Undo changes since last commit including stage
Revert	git revert <commit>	Creates a new commit that undoes changes to the specified commit
Reset	git reset <commit>	Reset repository for a given commit
	git reset --hard <commit>	Resets and removes all changes ❗ Be careful when using

Branch, Merge and Rebase

Name	Command	Description
Branch		Branch master is the default. Development branch make it easy to control
	git branch <new_branch>	Create a new branch
	git checkout -b <branch>	Create a new branch
	git branch -d <branch>	Delete a branch
	git checkout <branch>	Switch to the branch
Merge	git merge <branch>	Commit a branch to the current branch. Finds a common commit (base) between branches and applies all commits that the current branch doesn't have. If there are commits in the current branch that is not in the other branch, a merge commit will be created.
Rebase	git rebase <branch>	Similar to Merge but different in the order of committing. In Rebase, your commits in front of the base are temporarily removed. Commits from another branch are applied to your branch, and your commits are finally applied one by one. There may be conflicts that will be resolved for each commit.
Fetch	git fetch	pull = fetch + merge. Download remote updates but do not apply them to the repository. Lets you rebase a branch instead of merge. Fetch and rebase is best for keeping track of development.
Tag	git tag [name_tag]	Useful for defining stable versions of the project

Other commands

Name	Command	Description
Amend	git commit --amend	Changes the last commit.
Stash	git stash	Save Working Directory Changes. It allows you to rebase, merge, switch branches without the need to commit.
	git stash list	Applies the last stored stash.
	git stash pop
Cherry Pick	git cherrypick <commit>	Applies to commit changes to the current branch. Create a new commit. Useful to retrieve history.
Blame	git blame	Shows changes made to one file per line. Show the author and commit that line was made. Useful to check when changes were made, why, and by whom.
Bisect	git bisect	Let's you do a binary search in commits to find a change. Useful for changes that have changed behavior and cannot be easily identified by code. When the change may be quite old.

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References

• https://git-scm.com/
• https://brorlandi.github.io/curso-git/
• https://www.udemy.com/course/git-e-github