From 1ee42d290dedc1430c1befd80ed9757c8b68fd2d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Hiroshi SHIBATA <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
Date: Tue, 2 Jun 2026 14:45:46 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 01/34] [ruby/rubygems] Apply cooldown to locally installed gem
 versions

`Source::Rubygems#specs` merges `installed_specs` on top of
`remote_specs`, so a `Bundler::StubSpecification` for an already-installed
gem overwrites the matching `EndpointSpecification` and erases its
`created_at`. The cooldown filter then short-circuited on
`spec.respond_to?(:created_at)` and let the local stub through, which
made `bundle install --cooldown N` keep selecting a brand-new version
that happened to be on disk already.

Snapshot the remote `created_at` per `[name, version]` before merging
and back-fill it onto stubs that lack one, attaching the source's first
remote so `effective_cooldown` is reachable. The filter now runs ahead
of `filter_remote_specs` and rejects every spec that shares an
`[name, version]` flagged by `cooldown_excluded?`, so a stub and the
endpoint that carries its date drop together. `RemoteSpecification`
gains `attr_accessor :created_at` so any subclass without an explicit
setter participates.

`spec/bundler/resolver/cooldown_spec.rb` gets `name`/`version` on the
shared spec helper, plus dedicated coverage for the version-grouped
exclusion and stub-only fallback. `spec/install/cooldown_spec.rb` adds
two end-to-end cases that pre-install `ripe_gem-2.0.0` and verify the
in-cooldown copy is excluded while `--cooldown 0` continues to bypass
the filter.

https://github.com/ruby/rubygems/commit/3920a092da

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.7 <noreply@anthropic.com>
---
 lib/bundler/remote_specification.rb           |  2 +-
 lib/bundler/resolver.rb                       | 18 ++++----
 lib/bundler/source/rubygems.rb                | 37 +++++++++++++++
 .../bundler/bundler/resolver/cooldown_spec.rb | 45 +++++++++++++++----
 spec/bundler/install/cooldown_spec.rb         | 26 +++++++++++
 5 files changed, 110 insertions(+), 18 deletions(-)

diff --git a/lib/bundler/remote_specification.rb b/lib/bundler/remote_specification.rb
index ab163e2b046acd..dcaaf6af2e61ed 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/remote_specification.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler/remote_specification.rb
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ class RemoteSpecification
 
     attr_reader :name, :version, :platform
     attr_writer :dependencies
-    attr_accessor :source, :remote, :locked_platform
+    attr_accessor :source, :remote, :locked_platform, :created_at
 
     def initialize(name, version, platform, spec_fetcher)
       @name         = name
diff --git a/lib/bundler/resolver.rb b/lib/bundler/resolver.rb
index 7e2ce321b6452a..43b19440e642fb 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/resolver.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler/resolver.rb
@@ -422,7 +422,7 @@ def filter_matching_specs(specs, requirements)
     end
 
     def filter_specs(specs, package)
-      filter_cooldown(filter_remote_specs(filter_prereleases(specs, package), package))
+      filter_remote_specs(filter_cooldown(filter_prereleases(specs, package)), package)
     end
 
     def filter_prereleases(specs, package)
@@ -433,19 +433,19 @@ def filter_prereleases(specs, package)
 
     def filter_cooldown(specs)
       return specs if specs.empty?
-      excluded = cooldown_excluded_specs(specs)
-      return specs if excluded.empty?
-      specs - excluded
+      excluded_versions = cooldown_excluded_versions(specs)
+      return specs if excluded_versions.empty?
+      specs.reject {|s| excluded_versions.include?([s.name, s.version]) }
     end
 
-    def cooldown_excluded_specs(specs)
-      specs.select {|spec| cooldown_excluded?(spec) }
+    def cooldown_excluded_versions(specs)
+      specs.select {|spec| cooldown_excluded?(spec) }.map {|spec| [spec.name, spec.version] }.uniq
     end
 
     def cooldown_hint(specs)
-      excluded = cooldown_excluded_specs(specs)
-      return nil if excluded.empty?
-      "#{excluded.size} version#{"s" if excluded.size > 1} excluded by the cooldown setting; pass `--cooldown 0` to bypass"
+      excluded_versions = cooldown_excluded_versions(specs)
+      return nil if excluded_versions.empty?
+      "#{excluded_versions.size} version#{"s" if excluded_versions.size > 1} excluded by the cooldown setting; pass `--cooldown 0` to bypass"
     end
 
     def cooldown_excluded?(spec)
diff --git a/lib/bundler/source/rubygems.rb b/lib/bundler/source/rubygems.rb
index 66b36645199e85..9dde405e2c740b 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/source/rubygems.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler/source/rubygems.rb
@@ -150,6 +150,13 @@ def specs
           # sources, and large_idx.merge! small_idx is way faster than
           # small_idx.merge! large_idx.
           index = @allow_remote ? remote_specs.dup : Index.new
+
+          # Snapshot per-version `created_at` from the remote info before installed
+          # / cached specs overwrite the EndpointSpecification objects that carry
+          # it. The cooldown filter consults `created_at` on every candidate, so
+          # local stubs need the published date back-filled to participate.
+          remote_created_at = collect_remote_created_at(index)
+
           index.merge!(cached_specs) if @allow_cached
           index.merge!(installed_specs) if @allow_local
 
@@ -163,6 +170,8 @@ def specs
             end
           end
 
+          backfill_created_at(index, remote_created_at) unless remote_created_at.empty?
+
           index
         end
       end
@@ -470,6 +479,34 @@ def cache_path
 
       private
 
+      def collect_remote_created_at(index)
+        return {} unless @allow_remote
+
+        snapshot = {}
+        index.each do |spec|
+          next unless spec.respond_to?(:created_at) && spec.created_at
+          snapshot[[spec.name, spec.version]] = spec.created_at
+        end
+        snapshot
+      end
+
+      def backfill_created_at(index, snapshot)
+        first_remote = remote_fetchers.keys.first
+        index.each do |spec|
+          next unless spec.respond_to?(:created_at=)
+          next if spec.created_at
+          remote_created_at = snapshot[[spec.name, spec.version]]
+          next unless remote_created_at
+          spec.created_at = remote_created_at
+          # The cooldown filter consults `spec.remote.effective_cooldown`, so a
+          # backfilled stub also needs a Source::Rubygems::Remote reference. Any
+          # remote on the source carries the right `effective_cooldown` because
+          # the setting is source-wide and `Bundler.settings[:cooldown]`
+          # overrides per-source.
+          spec.remote ||= first_remote if first_remote && spec.respond_to?(:remote=)
+        end
+      end
+
       def lockfile_remotes
         @lockfile_remotes || credless_remotes
       end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/bundler/resolver/cooldown_spec.rb b/spec/bundler/bundler/resolver/cooldown_spec.rb
index 834842145fa615..37ec158cba4fcf 100644
--- a/spec/bundler/bundler/resolver/cooldown_spec.rb
+++ b/spec/bundler/bundler/resolver/cooldown_spec.rb
@@ -7,8 +7,8 @@ def remote(cooldown:)
     instance_double(Bundler::Source::Rubygems::Remote, effective_cooldown: cooldown)
   end
 
-  def spec(created_at:, remote:)
-    Struct.new(:created_at, :remote).new(created_at, remote)
+  def spec(created_at:, remote:, name: "myrack", version: "1.0.0")
+    Struct.new(:name, :version, :created_at, :remote).new(name, Gem::Version.new(version), created_at, remote)
   end
 
   describe "#filter_cooldown" do
@@ -18,8 +18,8 @@ def spec(created_at:, remote:)
       let(:r) { remote(cooldown: 7) }
 
       it "rejects versions published within the window" do
-        recent = spec(created_at: now - (2 * 86_400), remote: r)
-        old = spec(created_at: now - (30 * 86_400), remote: r)
+        recent = spec(version: "1.1.0", created_at: now - (2 * 86_400), remote: r)
+        old = spec(version: "1.0.0", created_at: now - (30 * 86_400), remote: r)
 
         expect(resolver.send(:filter_cooldown, [recent, old])).to eq([old])
       end
@@ -32,14 +32,37 @@ def spec(created_at:, remote:)
 
       it "leaves rolling-delay history intact" do
         # 7-day cooldown with frequent releases must still expose an older candidate.
-        in_cooldown = spec(created_at: now - 86_400, remote: r)
-        also_in_cooldown = spec(created_at: now - (3 * 86_400), remote: r)
-        eligible = spec(created_at: now - (10 * 86_400), remote: r)
+        in_cooldown = spec(version: "1.2.0", created_at: now - 86_400, remote: r)
+        also_in_cooldown = spec(version: "1.1.0", created_at: now - (3 * 86_400), remote: r)
+        eligible = spec(version: "1.0.0", created_at: now - (10 * 86_400), remote: r)
 
         result = resolver.send(:filter_cooldown, [in_cooldown, also_in_cooldown, eligible])
 
         expect(result).to eq([eligible])
       end
+
+      it "drops every spec sharing an excluded [name, version] tuple" do
+        # The cooldown check is by version, not per-spec: a StubSpecification for an
+        # in-cooldown release would otherwise slip through on local install paths.
+        endpoint = spec(version: "2.0.0", created_at: now - 86_400, remote: r)
+        local_stub = Struct.new(:name, :version).new("myrack", Gem::Version.new("2.0.0"))
+        eligible = spec(version: "1.0.0", created_at: now - (30 * 86_400), remote: r)
+
+        result = resolver.send(:filter_cooldown, [endpoint, local_stub, eligible])
+
+        expect(result).to eq([eligible])
+      end
+
+      it "keeps stub-only versions that no endpoint marks as in cooldown" do
+        # If no remote spec carries created_at for a version, cooldown cannot judge it;
+        # the stub stays in.
+        local_only = Struct.new(:name, :version).new("myrack", Gem::Version.new("2.0.0"))
+        eligible = spec(version: "1.0.0", created_at: now - (30 * 86_400), remote: r)
+
+        result = resolver.send(:filter_cooldown, [local_only, eligible])
+
+        expect(result).to eq([local_only, eligible])
+      end
     end
 
     context "when created_at is missing (blank metadata)" do
@@ -111,9 +134,15 @@ def spec(created_at:, remote:)
     end
 
     it "uses plural wording when multiple versions are excluded" do
-      excluded = Array.new(3) { spec(created_at: now - 86_400, remote: r) }
+      excluded = %w[1.0.0 1.1.0 1.2.0].map {|v| spec(version: v, created_at: now - 86_400, remote: r) }
 
       expect(resolver.send(:cooldown_hint, excluded)).to match(/3 versions excluded/)
     end
+
+    it "counts each unique version once even when multiple spec instances share it" do
+      duplicates = Array.new(3) { spec(created_at: now - 86_400, remote: r) }
+
+      expect(resolver.send(:cooldown_hint, duplicates)).to match(/1 version excluded/)
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/spec/bundler/install/cooldown_spec.rb b/spec/bundler/install/cooldown_spec.rb
index 1368726c2c7722..b3f57d93ccf5c8 100644
--- a/spec/bundler/install/cooldown_spec.rb
+++ b/spec/bundler/install/cooldown_spec.rb
@@ -215,6 +215,32 @@
       expect(out).to match(/ripe_gem.*in cooldown for \d+ more day/)
     end
 
+    it "excludes a locally-installed version that is still within the cooldown window" do
+      system_gems "ripe_gem-2.0.0", gem_repo: gem_repo3
+
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "https://gem.repo3"
+        gem "ripe_gem"
+      G
+
+      bundle "install --cooldown 7", artifice: "compact_index_cooldown"
+
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems("ripe_gem 1.0.0")
+    end
+
+    it "selects a locally-installed in-cooldown version when --cooldown 0 bypasses the filter" do
+      system_gems "ripe_gem-2.0.0", gem_repo: gem_repo3
+
+      gemfile <<-G
+        source "https://gem.repo3"
+        gem "ripe_gem"
+      G
+
+      bundle "install --cooldown 0", artifice: "compact_index_cooldown"
+
+      expect(the_bundle).to include_gems("ripe_gem 2.0.0")
+    end
+
     it "surfaces a cooldown hint when bundle update filters every candidate" do
       gemfile <<-G
         source "https://gem.repo3"

From 4af3a57bb69752cc79ee853f3ddb70f119732ac4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Hiroshi SHIBATA <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
Date: Tue, 2 Jun 2026 15:30:51 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 02/34] [ruby/rubygems] Address PR review on cooldown local
 stub bypass

Snapshot the remote alongside `created_at` and restore it during
backfill so per-remote cooldown settings (`source ..., cooldown: N`)
survive into installed stubs instead of being replaced by whichever
remote happens to be first.

Build `cooldown_excluded_versions` as a hash so `filter_cooldown`'s
membership check is O(1) per spec; large Gemfiles with many candidate
versions no longer pay an O(n*m) scan.

https://github.com/ruby/rubygems/commit/58669f2890

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.7 <noreply@anthropic.com>
---
 lib/bundler/resolver.rb        |  7 ++++++-
 lib/bundler/source/rubygems.rb | 15 ++++++---------
 2 files changed, 12 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-)

diff --git a/lib/bundler/resolver.rb b/lib/bundler/resolver.rb
index 43b19440e642fb..422b726980d6fa 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/resolver.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler/resolver.rb
@@ -439,7 +439,12 @@ def filter_cooldown(specs)
     end
 
     def cooldown_excluded_versions(specs)
-      specs.select {|spec| cooldown_excluded?(spec) }.map {|spec| [spec.name, spec.version] }.uniq
+      excluded = {}
+      specs.each do |spec|
+        next unless cooldown_excluded?(spec)
+        excluded[[spec.name, spec.version]] = true
+      end
+      excluded
     end
 
     def cooldown_hint(specs)
diff --git a/lib/bundler/source/rubygems.rb b/lib/bundler/source/rubygems.rb
index 9dde405e2c740b..ed864604fe1649 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/source/rubygems.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler/source/rubygems.rb
@@ -485,25 +485,22 @@ def collect_remote_created_at(index)
         snapshot = {}
         index.each do |spec|
           next unless spec.respond_to?(:created_at) && spec.created_at
-          snapshot[[spec.name, spec.version]] = spec.created_at
+          # Remember the remote that supplied the date too: when a source has
+          # several remotes with different per-URI cooldown settings we must
+          # restore the same one during backfill so `effective_cooldown` agrees.
+          snapshot[[spec.name, spec.version]] = [spec.created_at, spec.remote]
         end
         snapshot
       end
 
       def backfill_created_at(index, snapshot)
-        first_remote = remote_fetchers.keys.first
         index.each do |spec|
           next unless spec.respond_to?(:created_at=)
           next if spec.created_at
-          remote_created_at = snapshot[[spec.name, spec.version]]
+          remote_created_at, remote = snapshot[[spec.name, spec.version]]
           next unless remote_created_at
           spec.created_at = remote_created_at
-          # The cooldown filter consults `spec.remote.effective_cooldown`, so a
-          # backfilled stub also needs a Source::Rubygems::Remote reference. Any
-          # remote on the source carries the right `effective_cooldown` because
-          # the setting is source-wide and `Bundler.settings[:cooldown]`
-          # overrides per-source.
-          spec.remote ||= first_remote if first_remote && spec.respond_to?(:remote=)
+          spec.remote ||= remote if remote && spec.respond_to?(:remote=)
         end
       end
 

From 3220428912b020e23caea42271ff030d195457b9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Hiroshi SHIBATA <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
Date: Tue, 2 Jun 2026 15:49:36 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 03/34] Inline the skip-detection run command

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.8 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>
---
 .github/workflows/tarball-test.yml | 3 +--
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/tarball-test.yml b/.github/workflows/tarball-test.yml
index 52c4d31fc81f2b..c862ab76cc1886 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/tarball-test.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/tarball-test.yml
@@ -38,8 +38,7 @@ jobs:
       skip: ${{ steps.skipping.outputs.skip }}
     steps:
       - id: skipping
-        run:
-          echo 'skip=true' >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
+        run: echo 'skip=true' >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
         if: >-
           ${{(false
           || contains(github.event.head_commit.message, '[DOC]')

From 220f66a33eae1370aa964e7c07efdfdaf7bccddf Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Hiroshi SHIBATA <hsbt@ruby-lang.org>
Date: Tue, 2 Jun 2026 15:50:06 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 04/34] Build full path for HOME stat snapshot

Dir.each_child yields entry names, so stat/digest/children ran against
the working directory instead of HOME. Join dir and name first.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.8 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>
---
 .github/workflows/tarball-ubuntu.yml | 3 ++-
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/tarball-ubuntu.yml b/.github/workflows/tarball-ubuntu.yml
index 03f2f946b5a630..e227dc29aa59bd 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/tarball-ubuntu.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/tarball-ubuntu.yml
@@ -77,7 +77,8 @@ jobs:
           [
             Dir.home,
           ].each do |dir|
-            Dir.each_child(dir) do |pn|
+            Dir.each_child(dir) do |name|
+              pn = File.join(dir, name)
               st = File.stat(pn)
               if st.file?
                 content = Digest::SHA1.file(pn).hexdigest

From 6da78caea71b78e9ae4e108f43c7d5e02c950acf Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Matt Larraz <mlarraz@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Mon, 16 Mar 2026 18:14:29 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 05/34] [ruby/rubygems] Replace Molinillo with PubGrub for
 dependency resolution

Molinillo (a backtracking resolver) is replaced by PubGrub (a CDCL
SAT-based solver) which provides better conflict explanations, smarter
backjumping, and provable completeness. PubGrub is already used by
Bundler; this vendors the same library re-namespaced under Gem::PubGrub.

Key changes:
- Vendor PubGrub from bundler/lib/bundler/vendor/pub_grub/, re-namespaced
  Bundler::PubGrub -> Gem::PubGrub
- Rewrite Gem::Resolver to implement PubGrub's source interface
  (all_versions_for, versions_for, incompatibilities_for, etc.)
- Add Gem::Resolver::PubGrubFailure for error reporting via PubGrub's
  superior conflict explanation format
- Add Source::Local#find_all_gems to expose all local gem versions
  (PubGrub needs complete version information upfront)
- Prefer installed specs in version ordering to avoid unnecessary upgrades
- Delete Molinillo (21 files, ~2400 lines) and resolver/stats.rb

https://github.com/ruby/rubygems/commit/df02d4110c

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.6 <noreply@anthropic.com>
---
 lib/rubygems/commands/install_command.rb      |   3 +
 lib/rubygems/exceptions.rb                    |   8 +-
 lib/rubygems/resolver.rb                      | 319 ++++---
 lib/rubygems/resolver/installer_set.rb        |   2 +-
 lib/rubygems/resolver/pub_grub_failure.rb     |  18 +
 lib/rubygems/resolver/stats.rb                |  46 -
 lib/rubygems/source/local.rb                  |   6 +-
 .../vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo.rb         |  11 -
 .../molinillo/delegates/resolution_state.rb   |  57 --
 .../delegates/specification_provider.rb       |  88 --
 .../lib/molinillo/dependency_graph.rb         | 255 ------
 .../lib/molinillo/dependency_graph/action.rb  |  36 -
 .../dependency_graph/add_edge_no_circular.rb  |  66 --
 .../molinillo/dependency_graph/add_vertex.rb  |  62 --
 .../molinillo/dependency_graph/delete_edge.rb |  63 --
 .../dependency_graph/detach_vertex_named.rb   |  61 --
 .../lib/molinillo/dependency_graph/log.rb     | 126 ---
 .../molinillo/dependency_graph/set_payload.rb |  46 -
 .../lib/molinillo/dependency_graph/tag.rb     |  36 -
 .../lib/molinillo/dependency_graph/vertex.rb  | 164 ----
 .../vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/errors.rb  | 149 ----
 .../molinillo/lib/molinillo/gem_metadata.rb   |   6 -
 .../modules/specification_provider.rb         | 112 ---
 .../molinillo/lib/molinillo/modules/ui.rb     |  67 --
 .../molinillo/lib/molinillo/resolution.rb     | 839 ------------------
 .../molinillo/lib/molinillo/resolver.rb       |  46 -
 .../vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/state.rb   |  58 --
 lib/rubygems/vendor/pub_grub/lib/pub_grub.rb  |  53 ++
 .../pub_grub/lib/pub_grub/assignment.rb       |  20 +
 .../lib/pub_grub/basic_package_source.rb      | 169 ++++
 .../pub_grub/lib/pub_grub/failure_writer.rb   | 182 ++++
 .../pub_grub/lib/pub_grub/incompatibility.rb  | 150 ++++
 .../vendor/pub_grub/lib/pub_grub/package.rb   |  43 +
 .../pub_grub/lib/pub_grub/partial_solution.rb | 121 +++
 .../vendor/pub_grub/lib/pub_grub/rubygems.rb  |  45 +
 .../pub_grub/lib/pub_grub/solve_failure.rb    |  19 +
 .../lib/pub_grub/static_package_source.rb     |  61 ++
 .../vendor/pub_grub/lib/pub_grub/strategy.rb  |  42 +
 .../vendor/pub_grub/lib/pub_grub/term.rb      | 105 +++
 .../vendor/pub_grub/lib/pub_grub/version.rb   |   3 +
 .../lib/pub_grub/version_constraint.rb        | 129 +++
 .../pub_grub/lib/pub_grub/version_range.rb    | 423 +++++++++
 .../pub_grub/lib/pub_grub/version_solver.rb   | 236 +++++
 .../pub_grub/lib/pub_grub/version_union.rb    | 178 ++++
 lib/rubygems/vendored_molinillo.rb            |   3 -
 lib/rubygems/vendored_pub_grub.rb             |   3 +
 .../test_gem_commands_install_command.rb      |  12 +-
 .../rubygems/test_gem_dependency_installer.rb |   6 +-
 test/rubygems/test_gem_resolver.rb            |  98 +-
 49 files changed, 2228 insertions(+), 2623 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 lib/rubygems/resolver/pub_grub_failure.rb
 delete mode 100644 lib/rubygems/resolver/stats.rb
 delete mode 100644 lib/rubygems/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo.rb
 delete mode 100644 lib/rubygems/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/delegates/resolution_state.rb
 delete mode 100644 lib/rubygems/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/delegates/specification_provider.rb
 delete mode 100644 lib/rubygems/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/dependency_graph.rb
 delete mode 100644 lib/rubygems/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/dependency_graph/action.rb
 delete mode 100644 lib/rubygems/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/dependency_graph/add_edge_no_circular.rb
 delete mode 100644 lib/rubygems/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/dependency_graph/add_vertex.rb
 delete mode 100644 lib/rubygems/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/dependency_graph/delete_edge.rb
 delete mode 100644 lib/rubygems/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/dependency_graph/detach_vertex_named.rb
 delete mode 100644 lib/rubygems/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/dependency_graph/log.rb
 delete mode 100644 lib/rubygems/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/dependency_graph/set_payload.rb
 delete mode 100644 lib/rubygems/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/dependency_graph/tag.rb
 delete mode 100644 lib/rubygems/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/dependency_graph/vertex.rb
 delete mode 100644 lib/rubygems/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/errors.rb
 delete mode 100644 lib/rubygems/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/gem_metadata.rb
 delete mode 100644 lib/rubygems/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/modules/specification_provider.rb
 delete mode 100644 lib/rubygems/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/modules/ui.rb
 delete mode 100644 lib/rubygems/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/resolution.rb
 delete mode 100644 lib/rubygems/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/resolver.rb
 delete mode 100644 lib/rubygems/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/state.rb
 create mode 100644 lib/rubygems/vendor/pub_grub/lib/pub_grub.rb
 create mode 100644 lib/rubygems/vendor/pub_grub/lib/pub_grub/assignment.rb
 create mode 100644 lib/rubygems/vendor/pub_grub/lib/pub_grub/basic_package_source.rb
 create mode 100644 lib/rubygems/vendor/pub_grub/lib/pub_grub/failure_writer.rb
 create mode 100644 lib/rubygems/vendor/pub_grub/lib/pub_grub/incompatibility.rb
 create mode 100644 lib/rubygems/vendor/pub_grub/lib/pub_grub/package.rb
 create mode 100644 lib/rubygems/vendor/pub_grub/lib/pub_grub/partial_solution.rb
 create mode 100644 lib/rubygems/vendor/pub_grub/lib/pub_grub/rubygems.rb
 create mode 100644 lib/rubygems/vendor/pub_grub/lib/pub_grub/solve_failure.rb
 create mode 100644 lib/rubygems/vendor/pub_grub/lib/pub_grub/static_package_source.rb
 create mode 100644 lib/rubygems/vendor/pub_grub/lib/pub_grub/strategy.rb
 create mode 100644 lib/rubygems/vendor/pub_grub/lib/pub_grub/term.rb
 create mode 100644 lib/rubygems/vendor/pub_grub/lib/pub_grub/version.rb
 create mode 100644 lib/rubygems/vendor/pub_grub/lib/pub_grub/version_constraint.rb
 create mode 100644 lib/rubygems/vendor/pub_grub/lib/pub_grub/version_range.rb
 create mode 100644 lib/rubygems/vendor/pub_grub/lib/pub_grub/version_solver.rb
 create mode 100644 lib/rubygems/vendor/pub_grub/lib/pub_grub/version_union.rb
 delete mode 100644 lib/rubygems/vendored_molinillo.rb
 create mode 100644 lib/rubygems/vendored_pub_grub.rb

diff --git a/lib/rubygems/commands/install_command.rb b/lib/rubygems/commands/install_command.rb
index 28a2fb7c71de40..6d3beec0b43261 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/commands/install_command.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/commands/install_command.rb
@@ -224,6 +224,9 @@ def install_gems # :nodoc:
       rescue Gem::InstallError => e
         alert_error "Error installing #{gem_name}:\n\t#{e.message}"
         exit_code |= 1
+      rescue Gem::DependencyResolutionError => e
+        alert_error "Error installing #{gem_name}:\n\t#{e.message}"
+        exit_code |= 2
       rescue Gem::UnsatisfiableDependencyError => e
         show_lookup_failure e.name, e.version, e.errors, suppress_suggestions,
                             "'#{gem_name}' (#{gem_version})"
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/exceptions.rb b/lib/rubygems/exceptions.rb
index 40485bbadff81a..1bba014245a8d2 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/exceptions.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/exceptions.rb
@@ -42,9 +42,13 @@ class Gem::DependencyResolutionError < Gem::DependencyError
 
   def initialize(conflict)
     @conflict = conflict
-    a, b = conflicting_dependencies
 
-    super "conflicting dependencies #{a} and #{b}\n#{@conflict.explanation}"
+    if conflict.respond_to?(:solve_failure)
+      super conflict.explanation
+    else
+      a, b = conflicting_dependencies
+      super "conflicting dependencies #{a} and #{b}\n#{@conflict.explanation}"
+    end
   end
 
   def conflicting_dependencies
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/resolver.rb b/lib/rubygems/resolver.rb
index bc4fef893ead65..5578135a83e81f 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/resolver.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/resolver.rb
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@
 # all the requirements.
 
 class Gem::Resolver
-  require_relative "vendored_molinillo"
+  require_relative "vendored_pub_grub"
 
   ##
   # If the DEBUG_RESOLVER environment variable is set then debugging mode is
@@ -34,11 +34,6 @@ class Gem::Resolver
 
   attr_accessor :ignore_dependencies
 
-  ##
-  # List of dependencies that could not be found in the configured sources.
-
-  attr_reader :stats
-
   ##
   # Hash of gems to skip resolution.  Keyed by gem name, with arrays of
   # gem specifications as values.
@@ -104,7 +99,15 @@ def initialize(needed, set = nil)
     @ignore_dependencies = false
     @skip_gems           = {}
     @soft_missing        = false
-    @stats               = Gem::Resolver::Stats.new
+
+    @root_package = Gem::PubGrub::Package.root
+    @root_version = Gem::PubGrub::Package.root_version
+
+    @packages = {}
+
+    @all_specs = Hash.new {|h, name| h[name] = find_all_specs_for(name) }
+    @sorted_versions = Hash.new {|h, pkg| h[pkg] = @all_specs[pkg.to_s].map(&:version).uniq.sort }
+    @cached_dependencies = Hash.new {|h, pkg| h[pkg] = Hash.new {|v, ver| v[ver] = compute_dependencies(pkg, ver) } }
   end
 
   def explain(stage, *data) # :nodoc:
@@ -126,68 +129,154 @@ def explain_list(stage) # :nodoc:
   end
 
   ##
-  # Creates an ActivationRequest for the given +dep+ and the last +possible+
-  # specification.
-  #
-  # Returns the Specification and the ActivationRequest
+  # Proceed with resolution! Returns an array of ActivationRequest objects.
 
-  def activation_request(dep, possible) # :nodoc:
-    spec = possible.pop
+  def resolve
+    # Pre-check: raise UnsatisfiableDependencyError for root deps with no matches
+    @needed.each do |dep|
+      next if @soft_missing
+      dep_request = DependencyRequest.new(dep, nil)
+      all = @set.find_all(dep_request)
+      matching = select_local_platforms(all)
+
+      if matching.empty?
+        exc = Gem::UnsatisfiableDependencyError.new(dep_request, all)
+        exc.errors = @set.errors
+        raise exc
+      end
 
-    explain :activate, [spec.full_name, possible.size]
-    explain :possible, possible
+      specs_matching_requirement = matching.select {|s| dep.requirement.satisfied_by?(s.version) }
+      next unless specs_matching_requirement.empty?
+      exc = Gem::UnsatisfiableDependencyError.new(dep_request, all)
+      exc.errors = @set.errors
+      raise exc
+    end
 
-    activation_request =
-      Gem::Resolver::ActivationRequest.new spec, dep, possible
+    # Build root deps from @needed
+    root_deps = {}
+    @needed.each do |dep|
+      range = Gem::PubGrub::RubyGems.requirement_to_range(dep.requirement)
+      constraint = Gem::PubGrub::VersionConstraint.new(package_for(dep.name), range: range)
+      root_deps[dep.name] = root_deps.key?(dep.name) ? root_deps[dep.name].intersect(constraint) : constraint
+    end
 
-    [spec, activation_request]
+    @sorted_versions[@root_package] = [@root_version]
+    @cached_dependencies[@root_package] = { @root_version => root_deps }
+
+    solver = Gem::PubGrub::VersionSolver.new(
+      source: self,
+      root: @root_package,
+      logger: make_logger
+    )
+    result = solver.solve
+
+    # Convert to Array<ActivationRequest>
+    result.filter_map do |package, version|
+      next if Gem::PubGrub::Package.root?(package)
+      spec = spec_for(package.to_s, version)
+      dep_request = DependencyRequest.new(Gem::Dependency.new(package.to_s), nil)
+      ActivationRequest.new(spec, dep_request)
+    end
+  rescue Gem::PubGrub::SolveFailure => e
+    failure = Gem::Resolver::PubGrubFailure.new(e)
+    raise Gem::DependencyResolutionError, failure
   end
 
-  def requests(s, act, reqs = []) # :nodoc:
-    return reqs if @ignore_dependencies
+  # PubGrub source interface methods
 
-    s.fetch_development_dependencies if @development
+  def all_versions_for(package)
+    return [@root_version] if package == @root_package
 
-    s.dependencies.reverse_each do |d|
-      next if d.type == :development && !@development
-      next if d.type == :development && @development_shallow &&
-              act.development?
-      next if d.type == :development && @development_shallow &&
-              act.parent
+    all_versions = @sorted_versions[package]
 
-      reqs << Gem::Resolver::DependencyRequest.new(d, act)
-      @stats.requirement!
+    # Exclude prerelease versions unless the set has prerelease enabled.
+    # Prereleases are still available via versions_for when a range
+    # specifically includes them (e.g., "= 2.a"), with low priority
+    # in the Strategy.
+    if @set.respond_to?(:prerelease) && @set.prerelease
+      versions = all_versions
+    else
+      stable = all_versions.reject(&:prerelease?)
+      versions = stable.empty? ? all_versions : stable
     end
 
-    @set.prefetch reqs
+    versions = versions.reverse # highest first
+    name = package.to_s
 
-    @stats.record_requirements reqs
-
-    reqs
+    if (skip_dep_gems = skip_gems[name]) && !skip_dep_gems.empty?
+      skip_versions = skip_dep_gems.map(&:version)
+      preferred, rest = versions.partition {|v| skip_versions.include?(v) }
+      preferred + rest
+    else
+      # Prefer already-installed versions to avoid unnecessary upgrades
+      installed_versions = @all_specs[name].
+        select {|s| s.is_a?(Gem::Resolver::InstalledSpecification) }.
+        map(&:version)
+      if installed_versions.any?
+        preferred, rest = versions.partition {|v| installed_versions.include?(v) }
+        preferred + rest
+      else
+        versions
+      end
+    end
   end
 
-  include Gem::Molinillo::UI
-
-  def output
-    @output ||= debug? ? $stdout : File.open(IO::NULL, "w")
+  def versions_for(package, range = Gem::PubGrub::VersionRange.any)
+    range.select_versions(@sorted_versions[package])
   end
 
-  def debug?
-    DEBUG_RESOLVER
+  def no_versions_incompatibility_for(_package, unsatisfied_term)
+    cause = Gem::PubGrub::Incompatibility::NoVersions.new(unsatisfied_term)
+    Gem::PubGrub::Incompatibility.new([unsatisfied_term], cause: cause)
   end
 
-  include Gem::Molinillo::SpecificationProvider
-
-  ##
-  # Proceed with resolution! Returns an array of ActivationRequest objects.
+  def incompatibilities_for(package, version)
+    package_deps = @cached_dependencies[package]
+    sorted_versions = @sorted_versions[package]
+    package_deps[version].filter_map do |dep_package_name, dep_constraint|
+      dep_package = dep_constraint.package
+      low = high = sorted_versions.index(version)
+
+      # find version low such that all >= low share the same dep
+      while low > 0 &&
+            package_deps[sorted_versions[low - 1]][dep_package_name] == dep_constraint
+        low -= 1
+      end
+      low =
+        if low == 0
+          nil
+        else
+          sorted_versions[low]
+        end
+
+      # find version high such that all < high share the same dep
+      while high < sorted_versions.length &&
+            package_deps[sorted_versions[high]][dep_package_name] == dep_constraint
+        high += 1
+      end
+      high =
+        if high == sorted_versions.length
+          nil
+        else
+          sorted_versions[high]
+        end
+
+      range = Gem::PubGrub::VersionRange.new(min: low, max: high, include_min: !low.nil?)
+      self_constraint = Gem::PubGrub::VersionConstraint.new(package, range: range)
+
+      if dep_constraint.range.empty?
+        cause = Gem::PubGrub::Incompatibility::InvalidDependency.new(dep_package, dep_constraint)
+        next Gem::PubGrub::Incompatibility.new(
+          [Gem::PubGrub::Term.new(self_constraint, true)],
+          cause: cause
+        )
+      end
 
-  def resolve
-    Gem::Molinillo::Resolver.new(self, self).resolve(@needed.map {|d| DependencyRequest.new d, nil }).tsort.filter_map(&:payload)
-  rescue Gem::Molinillo::VersionConflict => e
-    conflict = e.conflicts.values.first
-    raise Gem::DependencyResolutionError, Conflict.new(conflict.requirement_trees.first.first, conflict.existing, conflict.requirement)
-  ensure
-    @output.close if defined?(@output) && !debug?
+      Gem::PubGrub::Incompatibility.new(
+        [Gem::PubGrub::Term.new(self_constraint, true), Gem::PubGrub::Term.new(dep_constraint, false)],
+        cause: :dependency
+      )
+    end
   end
 
   ##
@@ -219,103 +308,89 @@ def select_local_platforms(specs) # :nodoc:
     end
   end
 
-  def search_for(dependency)
-    possibles, all = find_possible(dependency)
-    if !@soft_missing && possibles.empty?
-      exc = Gem::UnsatisfiableDependencyError.new dependency, all
-      exc.errors = @set.errors
-      raise exc
-    end
+  private
 
-    groups = Hash.new {|hash, key| hash[key] = [] }
+  def package_for(name)
+    @packages[name] ||= Gem::PubGrub::Package.new(name)
+  end
 
-    # create groups & sources in the same loop
-    sources = possibles.map do |spec|
-      source = spec.source
-      groups[source] << spec
-      source
-    end.uniq.reverse
+  def find_all_specs_for(name)
+    dep = Gem::Dependency.new(name, ">= 0.a")
+    dep_request = DependencyRequest.new(dep, nil)
+    all = @set.find_all(dep_request)
 
-    activation_requests = []
+    specs = select_local_platforms(all)
 
-    sources.each do |source|
-      groups[source].
-        sort_by {|spec| [spec.version, -Gem::Platform.platform_specificity_match(spec.platform, Gem::Platform.local)] }.
-        map {|spec| ActivationRequest.new spec, dependency }.
-        each {|activation_request| activation_requests << activation_request }
+    unless @soft_missing
+      specs = specs.select do |s|
+        actual = s.respond_to?(:spec) ? s.spec : s
+        actual.required_ruby_version.satisfied_by?(Gem.ruby_version) &&
+          actual.required_rubygems_version.satisfied_by?(Gem.rubygems_version)
+      rescue StandardError
+        true
+      end
     end
 
-    activation_requests
+    specs
   end
 
-  def dependencies_for(specification)
-    return [] if @ignore_dependencies
-    spec = specification.spec
-    requests(spec, specification)
-  end
+  def spec_for(name, version)
+    candidates = @all_specs[name].select {|s| s.version == version }
+    candidates = @all_specs[name].select {|s| s.version.to_s == version.to_s } if candidates.empty?
 
-  def requirement_satisfied_by?(requirement, activated, spec)
-    matches_spec = requirement.matches_spec? spec
-    return matches_spec if @soft_missing
+    if candidates.length > 1
+      # Prefer already-installed specs to avoid unnecessary downloads
+      installed = candidates.select {|s| s.is_a?(Gem::Resolver::InstalledSpecification) }
+      return installed.first if installed.length == 1
+      candidates = installed if installed.any?
 
-    matches_spec &&
-      spec.spec.required_ruby_version.satisfied_by?(Gem.ruby_version) &&
-      spec.spec.required_rubygems_version.satisfied_by?(Gem.rubygems_version)
+      # Among remaining candidates, prefer the most specific platform
+      candidates.min_by {|s| Gem::Platform.platform_specificity_match(s.platform, Gem::Platform.local) }
+    else
+      candidates.first
+    end
   end
 
-  def name_for(dependency)
-    dependency.name
-  end
+  def compute_dependencies(package, version)
+    return {} if package == @root_package
 
-  def allow_missing?(dependency)
-    @soft_missing
-  end
+    spec = spec_for(package.to_s, version)
+    return {} unless spec
+    return {} if @ignore_dependencies
 
-  def sort_dependencies(dependencies, activated, conflicts)
-    dependencies.sort_by.with_index do |dependency, i|
-      name = name_for(dependency)
-      [
-        activated.vertex_named(name).payload ? 0 : 1,
-        amount_constrained(dependency),
-        conflicts[name] ? 0 : 1,
-        activated.vertex_named(name).payload ? 0 : search_for(dependency).count,
-        i, # for stable sort
-      ]
-    end
-  end
+    deps = {}
+    root_names = @needed.map(&:name)
 
-  SINGLE_POSSIBILITY_CONSTRAINT_PENALTY = 1_000_000
-  private_constant :SINGLE_POSSIBILITY_CONSTRAINT_PENALTY if defined?(private_constant)
+    actual_spec = spec.respond_to?(:spec) ? spec.spec : spec
+    actual_spec.dependencies.each do |d|
+      next if d.type == :development && !@development
+      next if d.type == :development && @development_shallow && !root_names.include?(package.to_s)
 
-  # returns an integer \in (-\infty, 0]
-  # a number closer to 0 means the dependency is less constraining
-  #
-  # dependencies w/ 0 or 1 possibilities (ignoring version requirements)
-  # are given very negative values, so they _always_ sort first,
-  # before dependencies that are unconstrained
-  def amount_constrained(dependency)
-    @amount_constrained ||= {}
-    @amount_constrained[dependency.name] ||= begin
-      name_dependency = Gem::Dependency.new(dependency.name)
-      dependency_request_for_name = Gem::Resolver::DependencyRequest.new(name_dependency, dependency.requester)
-      all = @set.find_all(dependency_request_for_name).size
-
-      if all <= 1
-        all - SINGLE_POSSIBILITY_CONSTRAINT_PENALTY
-      else
-        search = search_for(dependency).size
-        search - all
+      dep_package = package_for(d.name)
+
+      # Check if the dependency has any available versions
+      dep_specs = @all_specs[d.name]
+      if dep_specs.empty? && @soft_missing
+        next
       end
+
+      range = Gem::PubGrub::RubyGems.requirement_to_range(d.requirement)
+      deps[d.name] = Gem::PubGrub::VersionConstraint.new(dep_package, range: range)
     end
+
+    deps
+  end
+
+  def make_logger
+    DEBUG_RESOLVER ? Gem::PubGrub::StderrLogger.new : Gem::PubGrub::NullLogger.new
   end
-  private :amount_constrained
 end
 
 require_relative "resolver/activation_request"
 require_relative "resolver/conflict"
 require_relative "resolver/dependency_request"
 require_relative "resolver/requirement_list"
-require_relative "resolver/stats"
+require_relative "resolver/pub_grub_failure"
 
 require_relative "resolver/set"
 require_relative "resolver/api_set"
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/resolver/installer_set.rb b/lib/rubygems/resolver/installer_set.rb
index d9fe36c589a54a..42ce0890e2b634 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/resolver/installer_set.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/resolver/installer_set.rb
@@ -160,7 +160,7 @@ def find_all(req)
       res.concat matching_local
 
       begin
-        if local_spec = @local_source.find_gem(name, dep.requirement)
+        @local_source.find_all_gems(name, dep.requirement).each do |local_spec|
           res << Gem::Resolver::IndexSpecification.new(
             self, local_spec.name, local_spec.version,
             @local_source, local_spec.platform
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/resolver/pub_grub_failure.rb b/lib/rubygems/resolver/pub_grub_failure.rb
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..3ace7ef51590a6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/rubygems/resolver/pub_grub_failure.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+class Gem::Resolver::PubGrubFailure
+  attr_reader :solve_failure
+
+  def initialize(solve_failure)
+    @solve_failure = solve_failure
+  end
+
+  def explanation
+    @solve_failure.explanation
+  end
+
+  def conflicting_dependencies
+    terms = @solve_failure.incompatibility.terms
+    terms.map {|t| t.package.to_s }
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/resolver/stats.rb b/lib/rubygems/resolver/stats.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 9920976b2a0950..00000000000000
--- a/lib/rubygems/resolver/stats.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,46 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
-class Gem::Resolver::Stats
-  def initialize
-    @max_depth = 0
-    @max_requirements = 0
-    @requirements = 0
-    @backtracking = 0
-    @iterations = 0
-  end
-
-  def record_depth(stack)
-    if stack.size > @max_depth
-      @max_depth = stack.size
-    end
-  end
-
-  def record_requirements(reqs)
-    if reqs.size > @max_requirements
-      @max_requirements = reqs.size
-    end
-  end
-
-  def requirement!
-    @requirements += 1
-  end
-
-  def backtracking!
-    @backtracking += 1
-  end
-
-  def iteration!
-    @iterations += 1
-  end
-
-  PATTERN = "%20s: %d\n"
-
-  def display
-    $stdout.puts "=== Resolver Statistics ==="
-    $stdout.printf PATTERN, "Max Depth", @max_depth
-    $stdout.printf PATTERN, "Total Requirements", @requirements
-    $stdout.printf PATTERN, "Max Requirements", @max_requirements
-    $stdout.printf PATTERN, "Backtracking #", @backtracking
-    $stdout.printf PATTERN, "Iteration #", @iterations
-  end
-end
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/source/local.rb b/lib/rubygems/source/local.rb
index ba6eea1f9aa5c7..4bef31a2655fa6 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/source/local.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/source/local.rb
@@ -76,6 +76,10 @@ def load_specs(type) # :nodoc:
   end
 
   def find_gem(gem_name, version = Gem::Requirement.default, prerelease = false) # :nodoc:
+    find_all_gems(gem_name, version, prerelease).max_by(&:version)
+  end
+
+  def find_all_gems(gem_name, version = Gem::Requirement.default, prerelease = false) # :nodoc:
     load_specs :complete
 
     found = []
@@ -93,7 +97,7 @@ def find_gem(gem_name, version = Gem::Requirement.default, prerelease = false) #
       end
     end
 
-    found.max_by(&:version)
+    found
   end
 
   def fetch_spec(name) # :nodoc:
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo.rb b/lib/rubygems/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index dd5600c9e38c89..00000000000000
--- a/lib/rubygems/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,11 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
-require_relative 'molinillo/gem_metadata'
-require_relative 'molinillo/errors'
-require_relative 'molinillo/resolver'
-require_relative 'molinillo/modules/ui'
-require_relative 'molinillo/modules/specification_provider'
-
-# Gem::Molinillo is a generic dependency resolution algorithm.
-module Gem::Molinillo
-end
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/delegates/resolution_state.rb b/lib/rubygems/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/delegates/resolution_state.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 34842d46d5f9e4..00000000000000
--- a/lib/rubygems/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/delegates/resolution_state.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,57 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
-module Gem::Molinillo
-  # @!visibility private
-  module Delegates
-    # Delegates all {Gem::Molinillo::ResolutionState} methods to a `#state` property.
-    module ResolutionState
-      # (see Gem::Molinillo::ResolutionState#name)
-      def name
-        current_state = state || Gem::Molinillo::ResolutionState.empty
-        current_state.name
-      end
-
-      # (see Gem::Molinillo::ResolutionState#requirements)
-      def requirements
-        current_state = state || Gem::Molinillo::ResolutionState.empty
-        current_state.requirements
-      end
-
-      # (see Gem::Molinillo::ResolutionState#activated)
-      def activated
-        current_state = state || Gem::Molinillo::ResolutionState.empty
-        current_state.activated
-      end
-
-      # (see Gem::Molinillo::ResolutionState#requirement)
-      def requirement
-        current_state = state || Gem::Molinillo::ResolutionState.empty
-        current_state.requirement
-      end
-
-      # (see Gem::Molinillo::ResolutionState#possibilities)
-      def possibilities
-        current_state = state || Gem::Molinillo::ResolutionState.empty
-        current_state.possibilities
-      end
-
-      # (see Gem::Molinillo::ResolutionState#depth)
-      def depth
-        current_state = state || Gem::Molinillo::ResolutionState.empty
-        current_state.depth
-      end
-
-      # (see Gem::Molinillo::ResolutionState#conflicts)
-      def conflicts
-        current_state = state || Gem::Molinillo::ResolutionState.empty
-        current_state.conflicts
-      end
-
-      # (see Gem::Molinillo::ResolutionState#unused_unwind_options)
-      def unused_unwind_options
-        current_state = state || Gem::Molinillo::ResolutionState.empty
-        current_state.unused_unwind_options
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/delegates/specification_provider.rb b/lib/rubygems/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/delegates/specification_provider.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 8417721537219d..00000000000000
--- a/lib/rubygems/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/delegates/specification_provider.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,88 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
-module Gem::Molinillo
-  module Delegates
-    # Delegates all {Gem::Molinillo::SpecificationProvider} methods to a
-    # `#specification_provider` property.
-    module SpecificationProvider
-      # (see Gem::Molinillo::SpecificationProvider#search_for)
-      def search_for(dependency)
-        with_no_such_dependency_error_handling do
-          specification_provider.search_for(dependency)
-        end
-      end
-
-      # (see Gem::Molinillo::SpecificationProvider#dependencies_for)
-      def dependencies_for(specification)
-        with_no_such_dependency_error_handling do
-          specification_provider.dependencies_for(specification)
-        end
-      end
-
-      # (see Gem::Molinillo::SpecificationProvider#requirement_satisfied_by?)
-      def requirement_satisfied_by?(requirement, activated, spec)
-        with_no_such_dependency_error_handling do
-          specification_provider.requirement_satisfied_by?(requirement, activated, spec)
-        end
-      end
-
-      # (see Gem::Molinillo::SpecificationProvider#dependencies_equal?)
-      def dependencies_equal?(dependencies, other_dependencies)
-        with_no_such_dependency_error_handling do
-          specification_provider.dependencies_equal?(dependencies, other_dependencies)
-        end
-      end
-
-      # (see Gem::Molinillo::SpecificationProvider#name_for)
-      def name_for(dependency)
-        with_no_such_dependency_error_handling do
-          specification_provider.name_for(dependency)
-        end
-      end
-
-      # (see Gem::Molinillo::SpecificationProvider#name_for_explicit_dependency_source)
-      def name_for_explicit_dependency_source
-        with_no_such_dependency_error_handling do
-          specification_provider.name_for_explicit_dependency_source
-        end
-      end
-
-      # (see Gem::Molinillo::SpecificationProvider#name_for_locking_dependency_source)
-      def name_for_locking_dependency_source
-        with_no_such_dependency_error_handling do
-          specification_provider.name_for_locking_dependency_source
-        end
-      end
-
-      # (see Gem::Molinillo::SpecificationProvider#sort_dependencies)
-      def sort_dependencies(dependencies, activated, conflicts)
-        with_no_such_dependency_error_handling do
-          specification_provider.sort_dependencies(dependencies, activated, conflicts)
-        end
-      end
-
-      # (see Gem::Molinillo::SpecificationProvider#allow_missing?)
-      def allow_missing?(dependency)
-        with_no_such_dependency_error_handling do
-          specification_provider.allow_missing?(dependency)
-        end
-      end
-
-      private
-
-      # Ensures any raised {NoSuchDependencyError} has its
-      # {NoSuchDependencyError#required_by} set.
-      # @yield
-      def with_no_such_dependency_error_handling
-        yield
-      rescue NoSuchDependencyError => error
-        if state
-          vertex = activated.vertex_named(name_for(error.dependency))
-          error.required_by += vertex.incoming_edges.map { |e| e.origin.name }
-          error.required_by << name_for_explicit_dependency_source unless vertex.explicit_requirements.empty?
-        end
-        raise
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/dependency_graph.rb b/lib/rubygems/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/dependency_graph.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 2dbbc589dc7d5e..00000000000000
--- a/lib/rubygems/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/dependency_graph.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,255 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
-require_relative '../../../../vendored_tsort'
-
-require_relative 'dependency_graph/log'
-require_relative 'dependency_graph/vertex'
-
-module Gem::Molinillo
-  # A directed acyclic graph that is tuned to hold named dependencies
-  class DependencyGraph
-    include Enumerable
-
-    # Enumerates through the vertices of the graph.
-    # @return [Array<Vertex>] The graph's vertices.
-    def each
-      return vertices.values.each unless block_given?
-      vertices.values.each { |v| yield v }
-    end
-
-    include Gem::TSort
-
-    # @!visibility private
-    alias tsort_each_node each
-
-    # @!visibility private
-    def tsort_each_child(vertex, &block)
-      vertex.successors.each(&block)
-    end
-
-    # Topologically sorts the given vertices.
-    # @param [Enumerable<Vertex>] vertices the vertices to be sorted, which must
-    #   all belong to the same graph.
-    # @return [Array<Vertex>] The sorted vertices.
-    def self.tsort(vertices)
-      Gem::TSort.tsort(
-        lambda { |b| vertices.each(&b) },
-        lambda { |v, &b| (v.successors & vertices).each(&b) }
-      )
-    end
-
-    # A directed edge of a {DependencyGraph}
-    # @attr [Vertex] origin The origin of the directed edge
-    # @attr [Vertex] destination The destination of the directed edge
-    # @attr [Object] requirement The requirement the directed edge represents
-    Edge = Struct.new(:origin, :destination, :requirement)
-
-    # @return [{String => Vertex}] the vertices of the dependency graph, keyed
-    #   by {Vertex#name}
-    attr_reader :vertices
-
-    # @return [Log] the op log for this graph
-    attr_reader :log
-
-    # Initializes an empty dependency graph
-    def initialize
-      @vertices = {}
-      @log = Log.new
-    end
-
-    # Tags the current state of the dependency as the given tag
-    # @param  [Object] tag an opaque tag for the current state of the graph
-    # @return [Void]
-    def tag(tag)
-      log.tag(self, tag)
-    end
-
-    # Rewinds the graph to the state tagged as `tag`
-    # @param  [Object] tag the tag to rewind to
-    # @return [Void]
-    def rewind_to(tag)
-      log.rewind_to(self, tag)
-    end
-
-    # Initializes a copy of a {DependencyGraph}, ensuring that all {#vertices}
-    # are properly copied.
-    # @param [DependencyGraph] other the graph to copy.
-    def initialize_copy(other)
-      super
-      @vertices = {}
-      @log = other.log.dup
-      traverse = lambda do |new_v, old_v|
-        return if new_v.outgoing_edges.size == old_v.outgoing_edges.size
-        old_v.outgoing_edges.each do |edge|
-          destination = add_vertex(edge.destination.name, edge.destination.payload)
-          add_edge_no_circular(new_v, destination, edge.requirement)
-          traverse.call(destination, edge.destination)
-        end
-      end
-      other.vertices.each do |name, vertex|
-        new_vertex = add_vertex(name, vertex.payload, vertex.root?)
-        new_vertex.explicit_requirements.replace(vertex.explicit_requirements)
-        traverse.call(new_vertex, vertex)
-      end
-    end
-
-    # @return [String] a string suitable for debugging
-    def inspect
-      "#{self.class}:#{vertices.values.inspect}"
-    end
-
-    # @param [Hash] options options for dot output.
-    # @return [String] Returns a dot format representation of the graph
-    def to_dot(options = {})
-      edge_label = options.delete(:edge_label)
-      raise ArgumentError, "Unknown options: #{options.keys}" unless options.empty?
-
-      dot_vertices = []
-      dot_edges = []
-      vertices.each do |n, v|
-        dot_vertices << "  #{n} [label=\"{#{n}|#{v.payload}}\"]"
-        v.outgoing_edges.each do |e|
-          label = edge_label ? edge_label.call(e) : e.requirement
-          dot_edges << "  #{e.origin.name} -> #{e.destination.name} [label=#{label.to_s.dump}]"
-        end
-      end
-
-      dot_vertices.uniq!
-      dot_vertices.sort!
-      dot_edges.uniq!
-      dot_edges.sort!
-
-      dot = dot_vertices.unshift('digraph G {').push('') + dot_edges.push('}')
-      dot.join("\n")
-    end
-
-    # @param [DependencyGraph] other
-    # @return [Boolean] whether the two dependency graphs are equal, determined
-    #   by a recursive traversal of each {#root_vertices} and its
-    #   {Vertex#successors}
-    def ==(other)
-      return false unless other
-      return true if equal?(other)
-      vertices.each do |name, vertex|
-        other_vertex = other.vertex_named(name)
-        return false unless other_vertex
-        return false unless vertex.payload == other_vertex.payload
-        return false unless other_vertex.successors.to_set == vertex.successors.to_set
-      end
-    end
-
-    # @param [String] name
-    # @param [Object] payload
-    # @param [Array<String>] parent_names
-    # @param [Object] requirement the requirement that is requiring the child
-    # @return [void]
-    def add_child_vertex(name, payload, parent_names, requirement)
-      root = !parent_names.delete(nil) { true }
-      vertex = add_vertex(name, payload, root)
-      vertex.explicit_requirements << requirement if root
-      parent_names.each do |parent_name|
-        parent_vertex = vertex_named(parent_name)
-        add_edge(parent_vertex, vertex, requirement)
-      end
-      vertex
-    end
-
-    # Adds a vertex with the given name, or updates the existing one.
-    # @param [String] name
-    # @param [Object] payload
-    # @return [Vertex] the vertex that was added to `self`
-    def add_vertex(name, payload, root = false)
-      log.add_vertex(self, name, payload, root)
-    end
-
-    # Detaches the {#vertex_named} `name` {Vertex} from the graph, recursively
-    # removing any non-root vertices that were orphaned in the process
-    # @param [String] name
-    # @return [Array<Vertex>] the vertices which have been detached
-    def detach_vertex_named(name)
-      log.detach_vertex_named(self, name)
-    end
-
-    # @param [String] name
-    # @return [Vertex,nil] the vertex with the given name
-    def vertex_named(name)
-      vertices[name]
-    end
-
-    # @param [String] name
-    # @return [Vertex,nil] the root vertex with the given name
-    def root_vertex_named(name)
-      vertex = vertex_named(name)
-      vertex if vertex && vertex.root?
-    end
-
-    # Adds a new {Edge} to the dependency graph
-    # @param [Vertex] origin
-    # @param [Vertex] destination
-    # @param [Object] requirement the requirement that this edge represents
-    # @return [Edge] the added edge
-    def add_edge(origin, destination, requirement)
-      if destination.path_to?(origin)
-        raise CircularDependencyError.new(path(destination, origin))
-      end
-      add_edge_no_circular(origin, destination, requirement)
-    end
-
-    # Deletes an {Edge} from the dependency graph
-    # @param [Edge] edge
-    # @return [Void]
-    def delete_edge(edge)
-      log.delete_edge(self, edge.origin.name, edge.destination.name, edge.requirement)
-    end
-
-    # Sets the payload of the vertex with the given name
-    # @param [String] name the name of the vertex
-    # @param [Object] payload the payload
-    # @return [Void]
-    def set_payload(name, payload)
-      log.set_payload(self, name, payload)
-    end
-
-    private
-
-    # Adds a new {Edge} to the dependency graph without checking for
-    # circularity.
-    # @param (see #add_edge)
-    # @return (see #add_edge)
-    def add_edge_no_circular(origin, destination, requirement)
-      log.add_edge_no_circular(self, origin.name, destination.name, requirement)
-    end
-
-    # Returns the path between two vertices
-    # @raise [ArgumentError] if there is no path between the vertices
-    # @param [Vertex] from
-    # @param [Vertex] to
-    # @return [Array<Vertex>] the shortest path from `from` to `to`
-    def path(from, to)
-      distances = Hash.new(vertices.size + 1)
-      distances[from.name] = 0
-      predecessors = {}
-      each do |vertex|
-        vertex.successors.each do |successor|
-          if distances[successor.name] > distances[vertex.name] + 1
-            distances[successor.name] = distances[vertex.name] + 1
-            predecessors[successor] = vertex
-          end
-        end
-      end
-
-      path = [to]
-      while before = predecessors[to]
-        path << before
-        to = before
-        break if to == from
-      end
-
-      unless path.last.equal?(from)
-        raise ArgumentError, "There is no path from #{from.name} to #{to.name}"
-      end
-
-      path.reverse
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/dependency_graph/action.rb b/lib/rubygems/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/dependency_graph/action.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 8707ec451db997..00000000000000
--- a/lib/rubygems/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/dependency_graph/action.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,36 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
-module Gem::Molinillo
-  class DependencyGraph
-    # An action that modifies a {DependencyGraph} that is reversible.
-    # @abstract
-    class Action
-      # rubocop:disable Lint/UnusedMethodArgument
-
-      # @return [Symbol] The name of the action.
-      def self.action_name
-        raise 'Abstract'
-      end
-
-      # Performs the action on the given graph.
-      # @param  [DependencyGraph] graph the graph to perform the action on.
-      # @return [Void]
-      def up(graph)
-        raise 'Abstract'
-      end
-
-      # Reverses the action on the given graph.
-      # @param  [DependencyGraph] graph the graph to reverse the action on.
-      # @return [Void]
-      def down(graph)
-        raise 'Abstract'
-      end
-
-      # @return [Action,Nil] The previous action
-      attr_accessor :previous
-
-      # @return [Action,Nil] The next action
-      attr_accessor :next
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/dependency_graph/add_edge_no_circular.rb b/lib/rubygems/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/dependency_graph/add_edge_no_circular.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index aa9815c5ae8d8d..00000000000000
--- a/lib/rubygems/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/dependency_graph/add_edge_no_circular.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,66 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
-require_relative 'action'
-module Gem::Molinillo
-  class DependencyGraph
-    # @!visibility private
-    # (see DependencyGraph#add_edge_no_circular)
-    class AddEdgeNoCircular < Action
-      # @!group Action
-
-      # (see Action.action_name)
-      def self.action_name
-        :add_vertex
-      end
-
-      # (see Action#up)
-      def up(graph)
-        edge = make_edge(graph)
-        edge.origin.outgoing_edges << edge
-        edge.destination.incoming_edges << edge
-        edge
-      end
-
-      # (see Action#down)
-      def down(graph)
-        edge = make_edge(graph)
-        delete_first(edge.origin.outgoing_edges, edge)
-        delete_first(edge.destination.incoming_edges, edge)
-      end
-
-      # @!group AddEdgeNoCircular
-
-      # @return [String] the name of the origin of the edge
-      attr_reader :origin
-
-      # @return [String] the name of the destination of the edge
-      attr_reader :destination
-
-      # @return [Object] the requirement that the edge represents
-      attr_reader :requirement
-
-      # @param  [DependencyGraph] graph the graph to find vertices from
-      # @return [Edge] The edge this action adds
-      def make_edge(graph)
-        Edge.new(graph.vertex_named(origin), graph.vertex_named(destination), requirement)
-      end
-
-      # Initialize an action to add an edge to a dependency graph
-      # @param [String] origin the name of the origin of the edge
-      # @param [String] destination the name of the destination of the edge
-      # @param [Object] requirement the requirement that the edge represents
-      def initialize(origin, destination, requirement)
-        @origin = origin
-        @destination = destination
-        @requirement = requirement
-      end
-
-      private
-
-      def delete_first(array, item)
-        return unless index = array.index(item)
-        array.delete_at(index)
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/dependency_graph/add_vertex.rb b/lib/rubygems/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/dependency_graph/add_vertex.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 9c7066a669a799..00000000000000
--- a/lib/rubygems/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/dependency_graph/add_vertex.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,62 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
-require_relative 'action'
-module Gem::Molinillo
-  class DependencyGraph
-    # @!visibility private
-    # (see DependencyGraph#add_vertex)
-    class AddVertex < Action # :nodoc:
-      # @!group Action
-
-      # (see Action.action_name)
-      def self.action_name
-        :add_vertex
-      end
-
-      # (see Action#up)
-      def up(graph)
-        if existing = graph.vertices[name]
-          @existing_payload = existing.payload
-          @existing_root = existing.root
-        end
-        vertex = existing || Vertex.new(name, payload)
-        graph.vertices[vertex.name] = vertex
-        vertex.payload ||= payload
-        vertex.root ||= root
-        vertex
-      end
-
-      # (see Action#down)
-      def down(graph)
-        if defined?(@existing_payload)
-          vertex = graph.vertices[name]
-          vertex.payload = @existing_payload
-          vertex.root = @existing_root
-        else
-          graph.vertices.delete(name)
-        end
-      end
-
-      # @!group AddVertex
-
-      # @return [String] the name of the vertex
-      attr_reader :name
-
-      # @return [Object] the payload for the vertex
-      attr_reader :payload
-
-      # @return [Boolean] whether the vertex is root or not
-      attr_reader :root
-
-      # Initialize an action to add a vertex to a dependency graph
-      # @param [String] name the name of the vertex
-      # @param [Object] payload the payload for the vertex
-      # @param [Boolean] root whether the vertex is root or not
-      def initialize(name, payload, root)
-        @name = name
-        @payload = payload
-        @root = root
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/dependency_graph/delete_edge.rb b/lib/rubygems/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/dependency_graph/delete_edge.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 1e62c0a0b6442b..00000000000000
--- a/lib/rubygems/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/dependency_graph/delete_edge.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,63 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
-require_relative 'action'
-module Gem::Molinillo
-  class DependencyGraph
-    # @!visibility private
-    # (see DependencyGraph#delete_edge)
-    class DeleteEdge < Action
-      # @!group Action
-
-      # (see Action.action_name)
-      def self.action_name
-        :delete_edge
-      end
-
-      # (see Action#up)
-      def up(graph)
-        edge = make_edge(graph)
-        edge.origin.outgoing_edges.delete(edge)
-        edge.destination.incoming_edges.delete(edge)
-      end
-
-      # (see Action#down)
-      def down(graph)
-        edge = make_edge(graph)
-        edge.origin.outgoing_edges << edge
-        edge.destination.incoming_edges << edge
-        edge
-      end
-
-      # @!group DeleteEdge
-
-      # @return [String] the name of the origin of the edge
-      attr_reader :origin_name
-
-      # @return [String] the name of the destination of the edge
-      attr_reader :destination_name
-
-      # @return [Object] the requirement that the edge represents
-      attr_reader :requirement
-
-      # @param  [DependencyGraph] graph the graph to find vertices from
-      # @return [Edge] The edge this action adds
-      def make_edge(graph)
-        Edge.new(
-          graph.vertex_named(origin_name),
-          graph.vertex_named(destination_name),
-          requirement
-        )
-      end
-
-      # Initialize an action to add an edge to a dependency graph
-      # @param [String] origin_name the name of the origin of the edge
-      # @param [String] destination_name the name of the destination of the edge
-      # @param [Object] requirement the requirement that the edge represents
-      def initialize(origin_name, destination_name, requirement)
-        @origin_name = origin_name
-        @destination_name = destination_name
-        @requirement = requirement
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/dependency_graph/detach_vertex_named.rb b/lib/rubygems/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/dependency_graph/detach_vertex_named.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 6132f969b99308..00000000000000
--- a/lib/rubygems/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/dependency_graph/detach_vertex_named.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,61 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
-require_relative 'action'
-module Gem::Molinillo
-  class DependencyGraph
-    # @!visibility private
-    # @see DependencyGraph#detach_vertex_named
-    class DetachVertexNamed < Action
-      # @!group Action
-
-      # (see Action#name)
-      def self.action_name
-        :add_vertex
-      end
-
-      # (see Action#up)
-      def up(graph)
-        return [] unless @vertex = graph.vertices.delete(name)
-
-        removed_vertices = [@vertex]
-        @vertex.outgoing_edges.each do |e|
-          v = e.destination
-          v.incoming_edges.delete(e)
-          if !v.root? && v.incoming_edges.empty?
-            removed_vertices.concat graph.detach_vertex_named(v.name)
-          end
-        end
-
-        @vertex.incoming_edges.each do |e|
-          v = e.origin
-          v.outgoing_edges.delete(e)
-        end
-
-        removed_vertices
-      end
-
-      # (see Action#down)
-      def down(graph)
-        return unless @vertex
-        graph.vertices[@vertex.name] = @vertex
-        @vertex.outgoing_edges.each do |e|
-          e.destination.incoming_edges << e
-        end
-        @vertex.incoming_edges.each do |e|
-          e.origin.outgoing_edges << e
-        end
-      end
-
-      # @!group DetachVertexNamed
-
-      # @return [String] the name of the vertex to detach
-      attr_reader :name
-
-      # Initialize an action to detach a vertex from a dependency graph
-      # @param [String] name the name of the vertex to detach
-      def initialize(name)
-        @name = name
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/dependency_graph/log.rb b/lib/rubygems/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/dependency_graph/log.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 6954c4b1f8cace..00000000000000
--- a/lib/rubygems/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/dependency_graph/log.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,126 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
-require_relative 'add_edge_no_circular'
-require_relative 'add_vertex'
-require_relative 'delete_edge'
-require_relative 'detach_vertex_named'
-require_relative 'set_payload'
-require_relative 'tag'
-
-module Gem::Molinillo
-  class DependencyGraph
-    # A log for dependency graph actions
-    class Log
-      # Initializes an empty log
-      def initialize
-        @current_action = @first_action = nil
-      end
-
-      # @!macro [new] action
-      #   {include:DependencyGraph#$0}
-      #   @param [Graph] graph the graph to perform the action on
-      #   @param (see DependencyGraph#$0)
-      #   @return (see DependencyGraph#$0)
-
-      # @macro action
-      def tag(graph, tag)
-        push_action(graph, Tag.new(tag))
-      end
-
-      # @macro action
-      def add_vertex(graph, name, payload, root)
-        push_action(graph, AddVertex.new(name, payload, root))
-      end
-
-      # @macro action
-      def detach_vertex_named(graph, name)
-        push_action(graph, DetachVertexNamed.new(name))
-      end
-
-      # @macro action
-      def add_edge_no_circular(graph, origin, destination, requirement)
-        push_action(graph, AddEdgeNoCircular.new(origin, destination, requirement))
-      end
-
-      # {include:DependencyGraph#delete_edge}
-      # @param [Graph] graph the graph to perform the action on
-      # @param [String] origin_name
-      # @param [String] destination_name
-      # @param [Object] requirement
-      # @return (see DependencyGraph#delete_edge)
-      def delete_edge(graph, origin_name, destination_name, requirement)
-        push_action(graph, DeleteEdge.new(origin_name, destination_name, requirement))
-      end
-
-      # @macro action
-      def set_payload(graph, name, payload)
-        push_action(graph, SetPayload.new(name, payload))
-      end
-
-      # Pops the most recent action from the log and undoes the action
-      # @param [DependencyGraph] graph
-      # @return [Action] the action that was popped off the log
-      def pop!(graph)
-        return unless action = @current_action
-        unless @current_action = action.previous
-          @first_action = nil
-        end
-        action.down(graph)
-        action
-      end
-
-      extend Enumerable
-
-      # @!visibility private
-      # Enumerates each action in the log
-      # @yield [Action]
-      def each
-        return enum_for unless block_given?
-        action = @first_action
-        loop do
-          break unless action
-          yield action
-          action = action.next
-        end
-        self
-      end
-
-      # @!visibility private
-      # Enumerates each action in the log in reverse order
-      # @yield [Action]
-      def reverse_each
-        return enum_for(:reverse_each) unless block_given?
-        action = @current_action
-        loop do
-          break unless action
-          yield action
-          action = action.previous
-        end
-        self
-      end
-
-      # @macro action
-      def rewind_to(graph, tag)
-        loop do
-          action = pop!(graph)
-          raise "No tag #{tag.inspect} found" unless action
-          break if action.class.action_name == :tag && action.tag == tag
-        end
-      end
-
-      private
-
-      # Adds the given action to the log, running the action
-      # @param [DependencyGraph] graph
-      # @param [Action] action
-      # @return The value returned by `action.up`
-      def push_action(graph, action)
-        action.previous = @current_action
-        @current_action.next = action if @current_action
-        @current_action = action
-        @first_action ||= action
-        action.up(graph)
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/dependency_graph/set_payload.rb b/lib/rubygems/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/dependency_graph/set_payload.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 9bcaaae0f97a96..00000000000000
--- a/lib/rubygems/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/dependency_graph/set_payload.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,46 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
-require_relative 'action'
-module Gem::Molinillo
-  class DependencyGraph
-    # @!visibility private
-    # @see DependencyGraph#set_payload
-    class SetPayload < Action # :nodoc:
-      # @!group Action
-
-      # (see Action.action_name)
-      def self.action_name
-        :set_payload
-      end
-
-      # (see Action#up)
-      def up(graph)
-        vertex = graph.vertex_named(name)
-        @old_payload = vertex.payload
-        vertex.payload = payload
-      end
-
-      # (see Action#down)
-      def down(graph)
-        graph.vertex_named(name).payload = @old_payload
-      end
-
-      # @!group SetPayload
-
-      # @return [String] the name of the vertex
-      attr_reader :name
-
-      # @return [Object] the payload for the vertex
-      attr_reader :payload
-
-      # Initialize an action to add set the payload for a vertex in a dependency
-      # graph
-      # @param [String] name the name of the vertex
-      # @param [Object] payload the payload for the vertex
-      def initialize(name, payload)
-        @name = name
-        @payload = payload
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/dependency_graph/tag.rb b/lib/rubygems/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/dependency_graph/tag.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 62f243a2aff63d..00000000000000
--- a/lib/rubygems/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/dependency_graph/tag.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,36 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
-require_relative 'action'
-module Gem::Molinillo
-  class DependencyGraph
-    # @!visibility private
-    # @see DependencyGraph#tag
-    class Tag < Action
-      # @!group Action
-
-      # (see Action.action_name)
-      def self.action_name
-        :tag
-      end
-
-      # (see Action#up)
-      def up(graph)
-      end
-
-      # (see Action#down)
-      def down(graph)
-      end
-
-      # @!group Tag
-
-      # @return [Object] An opaque tag
-      attr_reader :tag
-
-      # Initialize an action to tag a state of a dependency graph
-      # @param [Object] tag an opaque tag
-      def initialize(tag)
-        @tag = tag
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/dependency_graph/vertex.rb b/lib/rubygems/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/dependency_graph/vertex.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 074de369bed89b..00000000000000
--- a/lib/rubygems/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/dependency_graph/vertex.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,164 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
-module Gem::Molinillo
-  class DependencyGraph
-    # A vertex in a {DependencyGraph} that encapsulates a {#name} and a
-    # {#payload}
-    class Vertex
-      # @return [String] the name of the vertex
-      attr_accessor :name
-
-      # @return [Object] the payload the vertex holds
-      attr_accessor :payload
-
-      # @return [Array<Object>] the explicit requirements that required
-      #   this vertex
-      attr_reader :explicit_requirements
-
-      # @return [Boolean] whether the vertex is considered a root vertex
-      attr_accessor :root
-      alias root? root
-
-      # Initializes a vertex with the given name and payload.
-      # @param [String] name see {#name}
-      # @param [Object] payload see {#payload}
-      def initialize(name, payload)
-        @name = name.frozen? ? name : name.dup.freeze
-        @payload = payload
-        @explicit_requirements = []
-        @outgoing_edges = []
-        @incoming_edges = []
-      end
-
-      # @return [Array<Object>] all of the requirements that required
-      #   this vertex
-      def requirements
-        (incoming_edges.map(&:requirement) + explicit_requirements).uniq
-      end
-
-      # @return [Array<Edge>] the edges of {#graph} that have `self` as their
-      #   {Edge#origin}
-      attr_accessor :outgoing_edges
-
-      # @return [Array<Edge>] the edges of {#graph} that have `self` as their
-      #   {Edge#destination}
-      attr_accessor :incoming_edges
-
-      # @return [Array<Vertex>] the vertices of {#graph} that have an edge with
-      #   `self` as their {Edge#destination}
-      def predecessors
-        incoming_edges.map(&:origin)
-      end
-
-      # @return [Set<Vertex>] the vertices of {#graph} where `self` is a
-      #   {#descendent?}
-      def recursive_predecessors
-        _recursive_predecessors
-      end
-
-      # @param [Set<Vertex>] vertices the set to add the predecessors to
-      # @return [Set<Vertex>] the vertices of {#graph} where `self` is a
-      #   {#descendent?}
-      def _recursive_predecessors(vertices = new_vertex_set)
-        incoming_edges.each do |edge|
-          vertex = edge.origin
-          next unless vertices.add?(vertex)
-          vertex._recursive_predecessors(vertices)
-        end
-
-        vertices
-      end
-      protected :_recursive_predecessors
-
-      # @return [Array<Vertex>] the vertices of {#graph} that have an edge with
-      #   `self` as their {Edge#origin}
-      def successors
-        outgoing_edges.map(&:destination)
-      end
-
-      # @return [Set<Vertex>] the vertices of {#graph} where `self` is an
-      #   {#ancestor?}
-      def recursive_successors
-        _recursive_successors
-      end
-
-      # @param [Set<Vertex>] vertices the set to add the successors to
-      # @return [Set<Vertex>] the vertices of {#graph} where `self` is an
-      #   {#ancestor?}
-      def _recursive_successors(vertices = new_vertex_set)
-        outgoing_edges.each do |edge|
-          vertex = edge.destination
-          next unless vertices.add?(vertex)
-          vertex._recursive_successors(vertices)
-        end
-
-        vertices
-      end
-      protected :_recursive_successors
-
-      # @return [String] a string suitable for debugging
-      def inspect
-        "#{self.class}:#{name}(#{payload.inspect})"
-      end
-
-      # @return [Boolean] whether the two vertices are equal, determined
-      #   by a recursive traversal of each {Vertex#successors}
-      def ==(other)
-        return true if equal?(other)
-        shallow_eql?(other) &&
-          successors.to_set == other.successors.to_set
-      end
-
-      # @param  [Vertex] other the other vertex to compare to
-      # @return [Boolean] whether the two vertices are equal, determined
-      #   solely by {#name} and {#payload} equality
-      def shallow_eql?(other)
-        return true if equal?(other)
-        other &&
-          name == other.name &&
-          payload == other.payload
-      end
-
-      alias eql? ==
-
-      # @return [Fixnum] a hash for the vertex based upon its {#name}
-      def hash
-        name.hash
-      end
-
-      # Is there a path from `self` to `other` following edges in the
-      # dependency graph?
-      # @return whether there is a path following edges within this {#graph}
-      def path_to?(other)
-        _path_to?(other)
-      end
-
-      alias descendent? path_to?
-
-      # @param [Vertex] other the vertex to check if there's a path to
-      # @param [Set<Vertex>] visited the vertices of {#graph} that have been visited
-      # @return [Boolean] whether there is a path to `other` from `self`
-      def _path_to?(other, visited = new_vertex_set)
-        return false unless visited.add?(self)
-        return true if equal?(other)
-        successors.any? { |v| v._path_to?(other, visited) }
-      end
-      protected :_path_to?
-
-      # Is there a path from `other` to `self` following edges in the
-      # dependency graph?
-      # @return whether there is a path following edges within this {#graph}
-      def ancestor?(other)
-        other.path_to?(self)
-      end
-
-      alias is_reachable_from? ancestor?
-
-      def new_vertex_set
-        require 'set'
-        Set.new
-      end
-      private :new_vertex_set
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/errors.rb b/lib/rubygems/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/errors.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 07ea5fdf3746c3..00000000000000
--- a/lib/rubygems/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/errors.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,149 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
-module Gem::Molinillo
-  # An error that occurred during the resolution process
-  class ResolverError < StandardError; end
-
-  # An error caused by searching for a dependency that is completely unknown,
-  # i.e. has no versions available whatsoever.
-  class NoSuchDependencyError < ResolverError
-    # @return [Object] the dependency that could not be found
-    attr_accessor :dependency
-
-    # @return [Array<Object>] the specifications that depended upon {#dependency}
-    attr_accessor :required_by
-
-    # Initializes a new error with the given missing dependency.
-    # @param [Object] dependency @see {#dependency}
-    # @param [Array<Object>] required_by @see {#required_by}
-    def initialize(dependency, required_by = [])
-      @dependency = dependency
-      @required_by = required_by.uniq
-      super()
-    end
-
-    # The error message for the missing dependency, including the specifications
-    # that had this dependency.
-    def message
-      sources = required_by.map { |r| "`#{r}`" }.join(' and ')
-      message = "Unable to find a specification for `#{dependency}`"
-      message += " depended upon by #{sources}" unless sources.empty?
-      message
-    end
-  end
-
-  # An error caused by attempting to fulfil a dependency that was circular
-  #
-  # @note This exception will be thrown if and only if a {Vertex} is added to a
-  #   {DependencyGraph} that has a {DependencyGraph::Vertex#path_to?} an
-  #   existing {DependencyGraph::Vertex}
-  class CircularDependencyError < ResolverError
-    # [Set<Object>] the dependencies responsible for causing the error
-    attr_reader :dependencies
-
-    # Initializes a new error with the given circular vertices.
-    # @param [Array<DependencyGraph::Vertex>] vertices the vertices in the dependency
-    #   that caused the error
-    def initialize(vertices)
-      super "There is a circular dependency between #{vertices.map(&:name).join(' and ')}"
-      @dependencies = vertices.map { |vertex| vertex.payload.possibilities.last }.to_set
-    end
-  end
-
-  # An error caused by conflicts in version
-  class VersionConflict < ResolverError
-    # @return [{String => Resolution::Conflict}] the conflicts that caused
-    #   resolution to fail
-    attr_reader :conflicts
-
-    # @return [SpecificationProvider] the specification provider used during
-    #   resolution
-    attr_reader :specification_provider
-
-    # Initializes a new error with the given version conflicts.
-    # @param [{String => Resolution::Conflict}] conflicts see {#conflicts}
-    # @param [SpecificationProvider] specification_provider see {#specification_provider}
-    def initialize(conflicts, specification_provider)
-      pairs = []
-      conflicts.values.flat_map(&:requirements).each do |conflicting|
-        conflicting.each do |source, conflict_requirements|
-          conflict_requirements.each do |c|
-            pairs << [c, source]
-          end
-        end
-      end
-
-      super "Unable to satisfy the following requirements:\n\n" \
-        "#{pairs.map { |r, d| "- `#{r}` required by `#{d}`" }.join("\n")}"
-
-      @conflicts = conflicts
-      @specification_provider = specification_provider
-    end
-
-    require_relative 'delegates/specification_provider'
-    include Delegates::SpecificationProvider
-
-    # @return [String] An error message that includes requirement trees,
-    #   which is much more detailed & customizable than the default message
-    # @param [Hash] opts the options to create a message with.
-    # @option opts [String] :solver_name The user-facing name of the solver
-    # @option opts [String] :possibility_type The generic name of a possibility
-    # @option opts [Proc] :reduce_trees A proc that reduced the list of requirement trees
-    # @option opts [Proc] :printable_requirement A proc that pretty-prints requirements
-    # @option opts [Proc] :additional_message_for_conflict A proc that appends additional
-    #   messages for each conflict
-    # @option opts [Proc] :version_for_spec A proc that returns the version number for a
-    #   possibility
-    def message_with_trees(opts = {})
-      solver_name = opts.delete(:solver_name) { self.class.name.split('::').first }
-      possibility_type = opts.delete(:possibility_type) { 'possibility named' }
-      reduce_trees = opts.delete(:reduce_trees) { proc { |trees| trees.uniq.sort_by(&:to_s) } }
-      printable_requirement = opts.delete(:printable_requirement) { proc { |req| req.to_s } }
-      additional_message_for_conflict = opts.delete(:additional_message_for_conflict) { proc {} }
-      version_for_spec = opts.delete(:version_for_spec) { proc(&:to_s) }
-      incompatible_version_message_for_conflict = opts.delete(:incompatible_version_message_for_conflict) do
-        proc do |name, _conflict|
-          %(#{solver_name} could not find compatible versions for #{possibility_type} "#{name}":)
-        end
-      end
-
-      full_message_for_conflict = opts.delete(:full_message_for_conflict) do
-        proc do |name, conflict|
-          o = "\n".dup << incompatible_version_message_for_conflict.call(name, conflict) << "\n"
-          if conflict.locked_requirement
-            o << %(  In snapshot (#{name_for_locking_dependency_source}):\n)
-            o << %(    #{printable_requirement.call(conflict.locked_requirement)}\n)
-            o << %(\n)
-          end
-          o << %(  In #{name_for_explicit_dependency_source}:\n)
-          trees = reduce_trees.call(conflict.requirement_trees)
-
-          o << trees.map do |tree|
-            t = ''.dup
-            depth = 2
-            tree.each do |req|
-              t << '  ' * depth << printable_requirement.call(req)
-              unless tree.last == req
-                if spec = conflict.activated_by_name[name_for(req)]
-                  t << %( was resolved to #{version_for_spec.call(spec)}, which)
-                end
-                t << %( depends on)
-              end
-              t << %(\n)
-              depth += 1
-            end
-            t
-          end.join("\n")
-
-          additional_message_for_conflict.call(o, name, conflict)
-
-          o
-        end
-      end
-
-      conflicts.sort.reduce(''.dup) do |o, (name, conflict)|
-        o << full_message_for_conflict.call(name, conflict)
-      end.strip
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/gem_metadata.rb b/lib/rubygems/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/gem_metadata.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 8ed3a920a2f386..00000000000000
--- a/lib/rubygems/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/gem_metadata.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,6 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
-module Gem::Molinillo
-  # The version of Gem::Molinillo.
-  VERSION = '0.8.0'.freeze
-end
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/modules/specification_provider.rb b/lib/rubygems/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/modules/specification_provider.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 85860902fca563..00000000000000
--- a/lib/rubygems/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/modules/specification_provider.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,112 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
-module Gem::Molinillo
-  # Provides information about specifications and dependencies to the resolver,
-  # allowing the {Resolver} class to remain generic while still providing power
-  # and flexibility.
-  #
-  # This module contains the methods that users of Gem::Molinillo must to implement,
-  # using knowledge of their own model classes.
-  module SpecificationProvider
-    # Search for the specifications that match the given dependency.
-    # The specifications in the returned array will be considered in reverse
-    # order, so the latest version ought to be last.
-    # @note This method should be 'pure', i.e. the return value should depend
-    #   only on the `dependency` parameter.
-    #
-    # @param [Object] dependency
-    # @return [Array<Object>] the specifications that satisfy the given
-    #   `dependency`.
-    def search_for(dependency)
-      []
-    end
-
-    # Returns the dependencies of `specification`.
-    # @note This method should be 'pure', i.e. the return value should depend
-    #   only on the `specification` parameter.
-    #
-    # @param [Object] specification
-    # @return [Array<Object>] the dependencies that are required by the given
-    #   `specification`.
-    def dependencies_for(specification)
-      []
-    end
-
-    # Determines whether the given `requirement` is satisfied by the given
-    # `spec`, in the context of the current `activated` dependency graph.
-    #
-    # @param [Object] requirement
-    # @param [DependencyGraph] activated the current dependency graph in the
-    #   resolution process.
-    # @param [Object] spec
-    # @return [Boolean] whether `requirement` is satisfied by `spec` in the
-    #   context of the current `activated` dependency graph.
-    def requirement_satisfied_by?(requirement, activated, spec)
-      true
-    end
-
-    # Determines whether two arrays of dependencies are equal, and thus can be
-    # grouped.
-    #
-    # @param [Array<Object>] dependencies
-    # @param [Array<Object>] other_dependencies
-    # @return [Boolean] whether `dependencies` and `other_dependencies` should
-    #   be considered equal.
-    def dependencies_equal?(dependencies, other_dependencies)
-      dependencies == other_dependencies
-    end
-
-    # Returns the name for the given `dependency`.
-    # @note This method should be 'pure', i.e. the return value should depend
-    #   only on the `dependency` parameter.
-    #
-    # @param [Object] dependency
-    # @return [String] the name for the given `dependency`.
-    def name_for(dependency)
-      dependency.to_s
-    end
-
-    # @return [String] the name of the source of explicit dependencies, i.e.
-    #   those passed to {Resolver#resolve} directly.
-    def name_for_explicit_dependency_source
-      'user-specified dependency'
-    end
-
-    # @return [String] the name of the source of 'locked' dependencies, i.e.
-    #   those passed to {Resolver#resolve} directly as the `base`
-    def name_for_locking_dependency_source
-      'Lockfile'
-    end
-
-    # Sort dependencies so that the ones that are easiest to resolve are first.
-    # Easiest to resolve is (usually) defined by:
-    #   1) Is this dependency already activated?
-    #   2) How relaxed are the requirements?
-    #   3) Are there any conflicts for this dependency?
-    #   4) How many possibilities are there to satisfy this dependency?
-    #
-    # @param [Array<Object>] dependencies
-    # @param [DependencyGraph] activated the current dependency graph in the
-    #   resolution process.
-    # @param [{String => Array<Conflict>}] conflicts
-    # @return [Array<Object>] a sorted copy of `dependencies`.
-    def sort_dependencies(dependencies, activated, conflicts)
-      dependencies.sort_by do |dependency|
-        name = name_for(dependency)
-        [
-          activated.vertex_named(name).payload ? 0 : 1,
-          conflicts[name] ? 0 : 1,
-        ]
-      end
-    end
-
-    # Returns whether this dependency, which has no possible matching
-    # specifications, can safely be ignored.
-    #
-    # @param [Object] dependency
-    # @return [Boolean] whether this dependency can safely be skipped.
-    def allow_missing?(dependency)
-      false
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/modules/ui.rb b/lib/rubygems/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/modules/ui.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 464722902e24d0..00000000000000
--- a/lib/rubygems/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/modules/ui.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,67 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
-module Gem::Molinillo
-  # Conveys information about the resolution process to a user.
-  module UI
-    # The {IO} object that should be used to print output. `STDOUT`, by default.
-    #
-    # @return [IO]
-    def output
-      STDOUT
-    end
-
-    # Called roughly every {#progress_rate}, this method should convey progress
-    # to the user.
-    #
-    # @return [void]
-    def indicate_progress
-      output.print '.' unless debug?
-    end
-
-    # How often progress should be conveyed to the user via
-    # {#indicate_progress}, in seconds. A third of a second, by default.
-    #
-    # @return [Float]
-    def progress_rate
-      0.33
-    end
-
-    # Called before resolution begins.
-    #
-    # @return [void]
-    def before_resolution
-      output.print 'Resolving dependencies...'
-    end
-
-    # Called after resolution ends (either successfully or with an error).
-    # By default, prints a newline.
-    #
-    # @return [void]
-    def after_resolution
-      output.puts
-    end
-
-    # Conveys debug information to the user.
-    #
-    # @param [Integer] depth the current depth of the resolution process.
-    # @return [void]
-    def debug(depth = 0)
-      if debug?
-        debug_info = yield
-        debug_info = debug_info.inspect unless debug_info.is_a?(String)
-        debug_info = debug_info.split("\n").map { |s| ":#{depth.to_s.rjust 4}: #{s}" }
-        output.puts debug_info
-      end
-    end
-
-    # Whether or not debug messages should be printed.
-    # By default, whether or not the `MOLINILLO_DEBUG` environment variable is
-    # set.
-    #
-    # @return [Boolean]
-    def debug?
-      return @debug_mode if defined?(@debug_mode)
-      @debug_mode = ENV['MOLINILLO_DEBUG']
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/resolution.rb b/lib/rubygems/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/resolution.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 84ec6cb095977b..00000000000000
--- a/lib/rubygems/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/resolution.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,839 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
-module Gem::Molinillo
-  class Resolver
-    # A specific resolution from a given {Resolver}
-    class Resolution
-      # A conflict that the resolution process encountered
-      # @attr [Object] requirement the requirement that immediately led to the conflict
-      # @attr [{String,Nil=>[Object]}] requirements the requirements that caused the conflict
-      # @attr [Object, nil] existing the existing spec that was in conflict with
-      #   the {#possibility}
-      # @attr [Object] possibility_set the set of specs that was unable to be
-      #   activated due to a conflict.
-      # @attr [Object] locked_requirement the relevant locking requirement.
-      # @attr [Array<Array<Object>>] requirement_trees the different requirement
-      #   trees that led to every requirement for the conflicting name.
-      # @attr [{String=>Object}] activated_by_name the already-activated specs.
-      # @attr [Object] underlying_error an error that has occurred during resolution, and
-      #    will be raised at the end of it if no resolution is found.
-      Conflict = Struct.new(
-        :requirement,
-        :requirements,
-        :existing,
-        :possibility_set,
-        :locked_requirement,
-        :requirement_trees,
-        :activated_by_name,
-        :underlying_error
-      )
-
-      class Conflict
-        # @return [Object] a spec that was unable to be activated due to a conflict
-        def possibility
-          possibility_set && possibility_set.latest_version
-        end
-      end
-
-      # A collection of possibility states that share the same dependencies
-      # @attr [Array] dependencies the dependencies for this set of possibilities
-      # @attr [Array] possibilities the possibilities
-      PossibilitySet = Struct.new(:dependencies, :possibilities)
-
-      class PossibilitySet
-        # String representation of the possibility set, for debugging
-        def to_s
-          "[#{possibilities.join(', ')}]"
-        end
-
-        # @return [Object] most up-to-date dependency in the possibility set
-        def latest_version
-          possibilities.last
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Details of the state to unwind to when a conflict occurs, and the cause of the unwind
-      # @attr [Integer] state_index the index of the state to unwind to
-      # @attr [Object] state_requirement the requirement of the state we're unwinding to
-      # @attr [Array] requirement_tree for the requirement we're relaxing
-      # @attr [Array] conflicting_requirements the requirements that combined to cause the conflict
-      # @attr [Array] requirement_trees for the conflict
-      # @attr [Array] requirements_unwound_to_instead array of unwind requirements that were chosen over this unwind
-      UnwindDetails = Struct.new(
-        :state_index,
-        :state_requirement,
-        :requirement_tree,
-        :conflicting_requirements,
-        :requirement_trees,
-        :requirements_unwound_to_instead
-      )
-
-      class UnwindDetails
-        include Comparable
-
-        # We compare UnwindDetails when choosing which state to unwind to. If
-        # two options have the same state_index we prefer the one most
-        # removed from a requirement that caused the conflict. Both options
-        # would unwind to the same state, but a `grandparent` option will
-        # filter out fewer of its possibilities after doing so - where a state
-        # is both a `parent` and a `grandparent` to requirements that have
-        # caused a conflict this is the correct behaviour.
-        # @param [UnwindDetail] other UnwindDetail to be compared
-        # @return [Integer] integer specifying ordering
-        def <=>(other)
-          if state_index > other.state_index
-            1
-          elsif state_index == other.state_index
-            reversed_requirement_tree_index <=> other.reversed_requirement_tree_index
-          else
-            -1
-          end
-        end
-
-        # @return [Integer] index of state requirement in reversed requirement tree
-        #    (the conflicting requirement itself will be at position 0)
-        def reversed_requirement_tree_index
-          @reversed_requirement_tree_index ||=
-            if state_requirement
-              requirement_tree.reverse.index(state_requirement)
-            else
-              999_999
-            end
-        end
-
-        # @return [Boolean] where the requirement of the state we're unwinding
-        #    to directly caused the conflict. Note: in this case, it is
-        #    impossible for the state we're unwinding to be a parent of
-        #    any of the other conflicting requirements (or we would have
-        #    circularity)
-        def unwinding_to_primary_requirement?
-          requirement_tree.last == state_requirement
-        end
-
-        # @return [Array] array of sub-dependencies to avoid when choosing a
-        #    new possibility for the state we've unwound to. Only relevant for
-        #    non-primary unwinds
-        def sub_dependencies_to_avoid
-          @requirements_to_avoid ||=
-            requirement_trees.map do |tree|
-              index = tree.index(state_requirement)
-              tree[index + 1] if index
-            end.compact
-        end
-
-        # @return [Array] array of all the requirements that led to the need for
-        #    this unwind
-        def all_requirements
-          @all_requirements ||= requirement_trees.flatten(1)
-        end
-      end
-
-      # @return [SpecificationProvider] the provider that knows about
-      #   dependencies, requirements, specifications, versions, etc.
-      attr_reader :specification_provider
-
-      # @return [UI] the UI that knows how to communicate feedback about the
-      #   resolution process back to the user
-      attr_reader :resolver_ui
-
-      # @return [DependencyGraph] the base dependency graph to which
-      #   dependencies should be 'locked'
-      attr_reader :base
-
-      # @return [Array] the dependencies that were explicitly required
-      attr_reader :original_requested
-
-      # Initializes a new resolution.
-      # @param [SpecificationProvider] specification_provider
-      #   see {#specification_provider}
-      # @param [UI] resolver_ui see {#resolver_ui}
-      # @param [Array] requested see {#original_requested}
-      # @param [DependencyGraph] base see {#base}
-      def initialize(specification_provider, resolver_ui, requested, base)
-        @specification_provider = specification_provider
-        @resolver_ui = resolver_ui
-        @original_requested = requested
-        @base = base
-        @states = []
-        @iteration_counter = 0
-        @parents_of = Hash.new { |h, k| h[k] = [] }
-      end
-
-      # Resolves the {#original_requested} dependencies into a full dependency
-      #   graph
-      # @raise [ResolverError] if successful resolution is impossible
-      # @return [DependencyGraph] the dependency graph of successfully resolved
-      #   dependencies
-      def resolve
-        start_resolution
-
-        while state
-          break if !state.requirement && state.requirements.empty?
-          indicate_progress
-          if state.respond_to?(:pop_possibility_state) # DependencyState
-            debug(depth) { "Creating possibility state for #{requirement} (#{possibilities.count} remaining)" }
-            state.pop_possibility_state.tap do |s|
-              if s
-                states.push(s)
-                activated.tag(s)
-              end
-            end
-          end
-          process_topmost_state
-        end
-
-        resolve_activated_specs
-      ensure
-        end_resolution
-      end
-
-      # @return [Integer] the number of resolver iterations in between calls to
-      #   {#resolver_ui}'s {UI#indicate_progress} method
-      attr_accessor :iteration_rate
-      private :iteration_rate
-
-      # @return [Time] the time at which resolution began
-      attr_accessor :started_at
-      private :started_at
-
-      # @return [Array<ResolutionState>] the stack of states for the resolution
-      attr_accessor :states
-      private :states
-
-      private
-
-      # Sets up the resolution process
-      # @return [void]
-      def start_resolution
-        @started_at = Time.now
-
-        push_initial_state
-
-        debug { "Starting resolution (#{@started_at})\nUser-requested dependencies: #{original_requested}" }
-        resolver_ui.before_resolution
-      end
-
-      def resolve_activated_specs
-        activated.vertices.each do |_, vertex|
-          next unless vertex.payload
-
-          latest_version = vertex.payload.possibilities.reverse_each.find do |possibility|
-            vertex.requirements.all? { |req| requirement_satisfied_by?(req, activated, possibility) }
-          end
-
-          activated.set_payload(vertex.name, latest_version)
-        end
-        activated.freeze
-      end
-
-      # Ends the resolution process
-      # @return [void]
-      def end_resolution
-        resolver_ui.after_resolution
-        debug do
-          "Finished resolution (#{@iteration_counter} steps) " \
-          "(Took #{(ended_at = Time.now) - @started_at} seconds) (#{ended_at})"
-        end
-        debug { 'Unactivated: ' + Hash[activated.vertices.reject { |_n, v| v.payload }].keys.join(', ') } if state
-        debug { 'Activated: ' + Hash[activated.vertices.select { |_n, v| v.payload }].keys.join(', ') } if state
-      end
-
-      require_relative 'state'
-      require_relative 'modules/specification_provider'
-
-      require_relative 'delegates/resolution_state'
-      require_relative 'delegates/specification_provider'
-
-      include Gem::Molinillo::Delegates::ResolutionState
-      include Gem::Molinillo::Delegates::SpecificationProvider
-
-      # Processes the topmost available {RequirementState} on the stack
-      # @return [void]
-      def process_topmost_state
-        if possibility
-          attempt_to_activate
-        else
-          create_conflict
-          unwind_for_conflict
-        end
-      rescue CircularDependencyError => underlying_error
-        create_conflict(underlying_error)
-        unwind_for_conflict
-      end
-
-      # @return [Object] the current possibility that the resolution is trying
-      #   to activate
-      def possibility
-        possibilities.last
-      end
-
-      # @return [RequirementState] the current state the resolution is
-      #   operating upon
-      def state
-        states.last
-      end
-
-      # Creates and pushes the initial state for the resolution, based upon the
-      # {#requested} dependencies
-      # @return [void]
-      def push_initial_state
-        graph = DependencyGraph.new.tap do |dg|
-          original_requested.each do |requested|
-            vertex = dg.add_vertex(name_for(requested), nil, true)
-            vertex.explicit_requirements << requested
-          end
-          dg.tag(:initial_state)
-        end
-
-        push_state_for_requirements(original_requested, true, graph)
-      end
-
-      # Unwinds the states stack because a conflict has been encountered
-      # @return [void]
-      def unwind_for_conflict
-        details_for_unwind = build_details_for_unwind
-        unwind_options = unused_unwind_options
-        debug(depth) { "Unwinding for conflict: #{requirement} to #{details_for_unwind.state_index / 2}" }
-        conflicts.tap do |c|
-          sliced_states = states.slice!((details_for_unwind.state_index + 1)..-1)
-          raise_error_unless_state(c)
-          activated.rewind_to(sliced_states.first || :initial_state) if sliced_states
-          state.conflicts = c
-          state.unused_unwind_options = unwind_options
-          filter_possibilities_after_unwind(details_for_unwind)
-          index = states.size - 1
-          @parents_of.each { |_, a| a.reject! { |i| i >= index } }
-          state.unused_unwind_options.reject! { |uw| uw.state_index >= index }
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Raises a VersionConflict error, or any underlying error, if there is no
-      # current state
-      # @return [void]
-      def raise_error_unless_state(conflicts)
-        return if state
-
-        error = conflicts.values.map(&:underlying_error).compact.first
-        raise error || VersionConflict.new(conflicts, specification_provider)
-      end
-
-      # @return [UnwindDetails] Details of the nearest index to which we could unwind
-      def build_details_for_unwind
-        # Get the possible unwinds for the current conflict
-        current_conflict = conflicts[name]
-        binding_requirements = binding_requirements_for_conflict(current_conflict)
-        unwind_details = unwind_options_for_requirements(binding_requirements)
-
-        last_detail_for_current_unwind = unwind_details.sort.last
-        current_detail = last_detail_for_current_unwind
-
-        # Look for past conflicts that could be unwound to affect the
-        # requirement tree for the current conflict
-        all_reqs = last_detail_for_current_unwind.all_requirements
-        all_reqs_size = all_reqs.size
-        relevant_unused_unwinds = unused_unwind_options.select do |alternative|
-          diff_reqs = all_reqs - alternative.requirements_unwound_to_instead
-          next if diff_reqs.size == all_reqs_size
-          # Find the highest index unwind whilst looping through
-          current_detail = alternative if alternative > current_detail
-          alternative
-        end
-
-        # Add the current unwind options to the `unused_unwind_options` array.
-        # The "used" option will be filtered out during `unwind_for_conflict`.
-        state.unused_unwind_options += unwind_details.reject { |detail| detail.state_index == -1 }
-
-        # Update the requirements_unwound_to_instead on any relevant unused unwinds
-        relevant_unused_unwinds.each do |d|
-          (d.requirements_unwound_to_instead << current_detail.state_requirement).uniq!
-        end
-        unwind_details.each do |d|
-          (d.requirements_unwound_to_instead << current_detail.state_requirement).uniq!
-        end
-
-        current_detail
-      end
-
-      # @param [Array<Object>] binding_requirements array of requirements that combine to create a conflict
-      # @return [Array<UnwindDetails>] array of UnwindDetails that have a chance
-      #    of resolving the passed requirements
-      def unwind_options_for_requirements(binding_requirements)
-        unwind_details = []
-
-        trees = []
-        binding_requirements.reverse_each do |r|
-          partial_tree = [r]
-          trees << partial_tree
-          unwind_details << UnwindDetails.new(-1, nil, partial_tree, binding_requirements, trees, [])
-
-          # If this requirement has alternative possibilities, check if any would
-          # satisfy the other requirements that created this conflict
-          requirement_state = find_state_for(r)
-          if conflict_fixing_possibilities?(requirement_state, binding_requirements)
-            unwind_details << UnwindDetails.new(
-              states.index(requirement_state),
-              r,
-              partial_tree,
-              binding_requirements,
-              trees,
-              []
-            )
-          end
-
-          # Next, look at the parent of this requirement, and check if the requirement
-          # could have been avoided if an alternative PossibilitySet had been chosen
-          parent_r = parent_of(r)
-          next if parent_r.nil?
-          partial_tree.unshift(parent_r)
-          requirement_state = find_state_for(parent_r)
-          if requirement_state.possibilities.any? { |set| !set.dependencies.include?(r) }
-            unwind_details << UnwindDetails.new(
-              states.index(requirement_state),
-              parent_r,
-              partial_tree,
-              binding_requirements,
-              trees,
-              []
-            )
-          end
-
-          # Finally, look at the grandparent and up of this requirement, looking
-          # for any possibilities that wouldn't create their parent requirement
-          grandparent_r = parent_of(parent_r)
-          until grandparent_r.nil?
-            partial_tree.unshift(grandparent_r)
-            requirement_state = find_state_for(grandparent_r)
-            if requirement_state.possibilities.any? { |set| !set.dependencies.include?(parent_r) }
-              unwind_details << UnwindDetails.new(
-                states.index(requirement_state),
-                grandparent_r,
-                partial_tree,
-                binding_requirements,
-                trees,
-                []
-              )
-            end
-            parent_r = grandparent_r
-            grandparent_r = parent_of(parent_r)
-          end
-        end
-
-        unwind_details
-      end
-
-      # @param [DependencyState] state
-      # @param [Array] binding_requirements array of requirements
-      # @return [Boolean] whether or not the given state has any possibilities
-      #    that could satisfy the given requirements
-      def conflict_fixing_possibilities?(state, binding_requirements)
-        return false unless state
-
-        state.possibilities.any? do |possibility_set|
-          possibility_set.possibilities.any? do |poss|
-            possibility_satisfies_requirements?(poss, binding_requirements)
-          end
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Filter's a state's possibilities to remove any that would not fix the
-      # conflict we've just rewound from
-      # @param [UnwindDetails] unwind_details details of the conflict just
-      #   unwound from
-      # @return [void]
-      def filter_possibilities_after_unwind(unwind_details)
-        return unless state && !state.possibilities.empty?
-
-        if unwind_details.unwinding_to_primary_requirement?
-          filter_possibilities_for_primary_unwind(unwind_details)
-        else
-          filter_possibilities_for_parent_unwind(unwind_details)
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Filter's a state's possibilities to remove any that would not satisfy
-      # the requirements in the conflict we've just rewound from
-      # @param [UnwindDetails] unwind_details details of the conflict just unwound from
-      # @return [void]
-      def filter_possibilities_for_primary_unwind(unwind_details)
-        unwinds_to_state = unused_unwind_options.select { |uw| uw.state_index == unwind_details.state_index }
-        unwinds_to_state << unwind_details
-        unwind_requirement_sets = unwinds_to_state.map(&:conflicting_requirements)
-
-        state.possibilities.reject! do |possibility_set|
-          possibility_set.possibilities.none? do |poss|
-            unwind_requirement_sets.any? do |requirements|
-              possibility_satisfies_requirements?(poss, requirements)
-            end
-          end
-        end
-      end
-
-      # @param [Object] possibility a single possibility
-      # @param [Array] requirements an array of requirements
-      # @return [Boolean] whether the possibility satisfies all of the
-      #    given requirements
-      def possibility_satisfies_requirements?(possibility, requirements)
-        name = name_for(possibility)
-
-        activated.tag(:swap)
-        activated.set_payload(name, possibility) if activated.vertex_named(name)
-        satisfied = requirements.all? { |r| requirement_satisfied_by?(r, activated, possibility) }
-        activated.rewind_to(:swap)
-
-        satisfied
-      end
-
-      # Filter's a state's possibilities to remove any that would (eventually)
-      # create a requirement in the conflict we've just rewound from
-      # @param [UnwindDetails] unwind_details details of the conflict just unwound from
-      # @return [void]
-      def filter_possibilities_for_parent_unwind(unwind_details)
-        unwinds_to_state = unused_unwind_options.select { |uw| uw.state_index == unwind_details.state_index }
-        unwinds_to_state << unwind_details
-
-        primary_unwinds = unwinds_to_state.select(&:unwinding_to_primary_requirement?).uniq
-        parent_unwinds = unwinds_to_state.uniq - primary_unwinds
-
-        allowed_possibility_sets = primary_unwinds.flat_map do |unwind|
-          states[unwind.state_index].possibilities.select do |possibility_set|
-            possibility_set.possibilities.any? do |poss|
-              possibility_satisfies_requirements?(poss, unwind.conflicting_requirements)
-            end
-          end
-        end
-
-        requirements_to_avoid = parent_unwinds.flat_map(&:sub_dependencies_to_avoid)
-
-        state.possibilities.reject! do |possibility_set|
-          !allowed_possibility_sets.include?(possibility_set) &&
-            (requirements_to_avoid - possibility_set.dependencies).empty?
-        end
-      end
-
-      # @param [Conflict] conflict
-      # @return [Array] minimal array of requirements that would cause the passed
-      #    conflict to occur.
-      def binding_requirements_for_conflict(conflict)
-        return [conflict.requirement] if conflict.possibility.nil?
-
-        possible_binding_requirements = conflict.requirements.values.flatten(1).uniq
-
-        # When there's a `CircularDependency` error the conflicting requirement
-        # (the one causing the circular) won't be `conflict.requirement`
-        # (which won't be for the right state, because we won't have created it,
-        # because it's circular).
-        # We need to make sure we have that requirement in the conflict's list,
-        # otherwise we won't be able to unwind properly, so we just return all
-        # the requirements for the conflict.
-        return possible_binding_requirements if conflict.underlying_error
-
-        possibilities = search_for(conflict.requirement)
-
-        # If all the requirements together don't filter out all possibilities,
-        # then the only two requirements we need to consider are the initial one
-        # (where the dependency's version was first chosen) and the last
-        if binding_requirement_in_set?(nil, possible_binding_requirements, possibilities)
-          return [conflict.requirement, requirement_for_existing_name(name_for(conflict.requirement))].compact
-        end
-
-        # Loop through the possible binding requirements, removing each one
-        # that doesn't bind. Use a `reverse_each` as we want the earliest set of
-        # binding requirements, and don't use `reject!` as we wish to refine the
-        # array *on each iteration*.
-        binding_requirements = possible_binding_requirements.dup
-        possible_binding_requirements.reverse_each do |req|
-          next if req == conflict.requirement
-          unless binding_requirement_in_set?(req, binding_requirements, possibilities)
-            binding_requirements -= [req]
-          end
-        end
-
-        binding_requirements
-      end
-
-      # @param [Object] requirement we wish to check
-      # @param [Array] possible_binding_requirements array of requirements
-      # @param [Array] possibilities array of possibilities the requirements will be used to filter
-      # @return [Boolean] whether or not the given requirement is required to filter
-      #    out all elements of the array of possibilities.
-      def binding_requirement_in_set?(requirement, possible_binding_requirements, possibilities)
-        possibilities.any? do |poss|
-          possibility_satisfies_requirements?(poss, possible_binding_requirements - [requirement])
-        end
-      end
-
-      # @param [Object] requirement
-      # @return [Object] the requirement that led to `requirement` being added
-      #   to the list of requirements.
-      def parent_of(requirement)
-        return unless requirement
-        return unless index = @parents_of[requirement].last
-        return unless parent_state = @states[index]
-        parent_state.requirement
-      end
-
-      # @param [String] name
-      # @return [Object] the requirement that led to a version of a possibility
-      #   with the given name being activated.
-      def requirement_for_existing_name(name)
-        return nil unless vertex = activated.vertex_named(name)
-        return nil unless vertex.payload
-        states.find { |s| s.name == name }.requirement
-      end
-
-      # @param [Object] requirement
-      # @return [ResolutionState] the state whose `requirement` is the given
-      #   `requirement`.
-      def find_state_for(requirement)
-        return nil unless requirement
-        states.find { |i| requirement == i.requirement }
-      end
-
-      # @param [Object] underlying_error
-      # @return [Conflict] a {Conflict} that reflects the failure to activate
-      #   the {#possibility} in conjunction with the current {#state}
-      def create_conflict(underlying_error = nil)
-        vertex = activated.vertex_named(name)
-        locked_requirement = locked_requirement_named(name)
-
-        requirements = {}
-        unless vertex.explicit_requirements.empty?
-          requirements[name_for_explicit_dependency_source] = vertex.explicit_requirements
-        end
-        requirements[name_for_locking_dependency_source] = [locked_requirement] if locked_requirement
-        vertex.incoming_edges.each do |edge|
-          (requirements[edge.origin.payload.latest_version] ||= []).unshift(edge.requirement)
-        end
-
-        activated_by_name = {}
-        activated.each { |v| activated_by_name[v.name] = v.payload.latest_version if v.payload }
-        conflicts[name] = Conflict.new(
-          requirement,
-          requirements,
-          vertex.payload && vertex.payload.latest_version,
-          possibility,
-          locked_requirement,
-          requirement_trees,
-          activated_by_name,
-          underlying_error
-        )
-      end
-
-      # @return [Array<Array<Object>>] The different requirement
-      #   trees that led to every requirement for the current spec.
-      def requirement_trees
-        vertex = activated.vertex_named(name)
-        vertex.requirements.map { |r| requirement_tree_for(r) }
-      end
-
-      # @param [Object] requirement
-      # @return [Array<Object>] the list of requirements that led to
-      #   `requirement` being required.
-      def requirement_tree_for(requirement)
-        tree = []
-        while requirement
-          tree.unshift(requirement)
-          requirement = parent_of(requirement)
-        end
-        tree
-      end
-
-      # Indicates progress roughly once every second
-      # @return [void]
-      def indicate_progress
-        @iteration_counter += 1
-        @progress_rate ||= resolver_ui.progress_rate
-        if iteration_rate.nil?
-          if Time.now - started_at >= @progress_rate
-            self.iteration_rate = @iteration_counter
-          end
-        end
-
-        if iteration_rate && (@iteration_counter % iteration_rate) == 0
-          resolver_ui.indicate_progress
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Calls the {#resolver_ui}'s {UI#debug} method
-      # @param [Integer] depth the depth of the {#states} stack
-      # @param [Proc] block a block that yields a {#to_s}
-      # @return [void]
-      def debug(depth = 0, &block)
-        resolver_ui.debug(depth, &block)
-      end
-
-      # Attempts to activate the current {#possibility}
-      # @return [void]
-      def attempt_to_activate
-        debug(depth) { 'Attempting to activate ' + possibility.to_s }
-        existing_vertex = activated.vertex_named(name)
-        if existing_vertex.payload
-          debug(depth) { "Found existing spec (#{existing_vertex.payload})" }
-          attempt_to_filter_existing_spec(existing_vertex)
-        else
-          latest = possibility.latest_version
-          possibility.possibilities.select! do |possibility|
-            requirement_satisfied_by?(requirement, activated, possibility)
-          end
-          if possibility.latest_version.nil?
-            # ensure there's a possibility for better error messages
-            possibility.possibilities << latest if latest
-            create_conflict
-            unwind_for_conflict
-          else
-            activate_new_spec
-          end
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Attempts to update the existing vertex's `PossibilitySet` with a filtered version
-      # @return [void]
-      def attempt_to_filter_existing_spec(vertex)
-        filtered_set = filtered_possibility_set(vertex)
-        if !filtered_set.possibilities.empty?
-          activated.set_payload(name, filtered_set)
-          new_requirements = requirements.dup
-          push_state_for_requirements(new_requirements, false)
-        else
-          create_conflict
-          debug(depth) { "Unsatisfied by existing spec (#{vertex.payload})" }
-          unwind_for_conflict
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Generates a filtered version of the existing vertex's `PossibilitySet` using the
-      # current state's `requirement`
-      # @param [Object] vertex existing vertex
-      # @return [PossibilitySet] filtered possibility set
-      def filtered_possibility_set(vertex)
-        PossibilitySet.new(vertex.payload.dependencies, vertex.payload.possibilities & possibility.possibilities)
-      end
-
-      # @param [String] requirement_name the spec name to search for
-      # @return [Object] the locked spec named `requirement_name`, if one
-      #   is found on {#base}
-      def locked_requirement_named(requirement_name)
-        vertex = base.vertex_named(requirement_name)
-        vertex && vertex.payload
-      end
-
-      # Add the current {#possibility} to the dependency graph of the current
-      # {#state}
-      # @return [void]
-      def activate_new_spec
-        conflicts.delete(name)
-        debug(depth) { "Activated #{name} at #{possibility}" }
-        activated.set_payload(name, possibility)
-        require_nested_dependencies_for(possibility)
-      end
-
-      # Requires the dependencies that the recently activated spec has
-      # @param [Object] possibility_set the PossibilitySet that has just been
-      #   activated
-      # @return [void]
-      def require_nested_dependencies_for(possibility_set)
-        nested_dependencies = dependencies_for(possibility_set.latest_version)
-        debug(depth) { "Requiring nested dependencies (#{nested_dependencies.join(', ')})" }
-        nested_dependencies.each do |d|
-          activated.add_child_vertex(name_for(d), nil, [name_for(possibility_set.latest_version)], d)
-          parent_index = states.size - 1
-          parents = @parents_of[d]
-          parents << parent_index if parents.empty?
-        end
-
-        push_state_for_requirements(requirements + nested_dependencies, !nested_dependencies.empty?)
-      end
-
-      # Pushes a new {DependencyState} that encapsulates both existing and new
-      # requirements
-      # @param [Array] new_requirements
-      # @param [Boolean] requires_sort
-      # @param [Object] new_activated
-      # @return [void]
-      def push_state_for_requirements(new_requirements, requires_sort = true, new_activated = activated)
-        new_requirements = sort_dependencies(new_requirements.uniq, new_activated, conflicts) if requires_sort
-        new_requirement = nil
-        loop do
-          new_requirement = new_requirements.shift
-          break if new_requirement.nil? || states.none? { |s| s.requirement == new_requirement }
-        end
-        new_name = new_requirement ? name_for(new_requirement) : ''.freeze
-        possibilities = possibilities_for_requirement(new_requirement)
-        handle_missing_or_push_dependency_state DependencyState.new(
-          new_name, new_requirements, new_activated,
-          new_requirement, possibilities, depth, conflicts.dup, unused_unwind_options.dup
-        )
-      end
-
-      # Checks a proposed requirement with any existing locked requirement
-      # before generating an array of possibilities for it.
-      # @param [Object] requirement the proposed requirement
-      # @param [Object] activated
-      # @return [Array] possibilities
-      def possibilities_for_requirement(requirement, activated = self.activated)
-        return [] unless requirement
-        if locked_requirement_named(name_for(requirement))
-          return locked_requirement_possibility_set(requirement, activated)
-        end
-
-        group_possibilities(search_for(requirement))
-      end
-
-      # @param [Object] requirement the proposed requirement
-      # @param [Object] activated
-      # @return [Array] possibility set containing only the locked requirement, if any
-      def locked_requirement_possibility_set(requirement, activated = self.activated)
-        all_possibilities = search_for(requirement)
-        locked_requirement = locked_requirement_named(name_for(requirement))
-
-        # Longwinded way to build a possibilities array with either the locked
-        # requirement or nothing in it. Required, since the API for
-        # locked_requirement isn't guaranteed.
-        locked_possibilities = all_possibilities.select do |possibility|
-          requirement_satisfied_by?(locked_requirement, activated, possibility)
-        end
-
-        group_possibilities(locked_possibilities)
-      end
-
-      # Build an array of PossibilitySets, with each element representing a group of
-      # dependency versions that all have the same sub-dependency version constraints
-      # and are contiguous.
-      # @param [Array] possibilities an array of possibilities
-      # @return [Array<PossibilitySet>] an array of possibility sets
-      def group_possibilities(possibilities)
-        possibility_sets = []
-        current_possibility_set = nil
-
-        possibilities.reverse_each do |possibility|
-          dependencies = dependencies_for(possibility)
-          if current_possibility_set && dependencies_equal?(current_possibility_set.dependencies, dependencies)
-            current_possibility_set.possibilities.unshift(possibility)
-          else
-            possibility_sets.unshift(PossibilitySet.new(dependencies, [possibility]))
-            current_possibility_set = possibility_sets.first
-          end
-        end
-
-        possibility_sets
-      end
-
-      # Pushes a new {DependencyState}.
-      # If the {#specification_provider} says to
-      # {SpecificationProvider#allow_missing?} that particular requirement, and
-      # there are no possibilities for that requirement, then `state` is not
-      # pushed, and the vertex in {#activated} is removed, and we continue
-      # resolving the remaining requirements.
-      # @param [DependencyState] state
-      # @return [void]
-      def handle_missing_or_push_dependency_state(state)
-        if state.requirement && state.possibilities.empty? && allow_missing?(state.requirement)
-          state.activated.detach_vertex_named(state.name)
-          push_state_for_requirements(state.requirements.dup, false, state.activated)
-        else
-          states.push(state).tap { activated.tag(state) }
-        end
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/resolver.rb b/lib/rubygems/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/resolver.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 86229c3fa12046..00000000000000
--- a/lib/rubygems/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/resolver.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,46 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
-require_relative 'dependency_graph'
-
-module Gem::Molinillo
-  # This class encapsulates a dependency resolver.
-  # The resolver is responsible for determining which set of dependencies to
-  # activate, with feedback from the {#specification_provider}
-  #
-  #
-  class Resolver
-    require_relative 'resolution'
-
-    # @return [SpecificationProvider] the specification provider used
-    #   in the resolution process
-    attr_reader :specification_provider
-
-    # @return [UI] the UI module used to communicate back to the user
-    #   during the resolution process
-    attr_reader :resolver_ui
-
-    # Initializes a new resolver.
-    # @param  [SpecificationProvider] specification_provider
-    #   see {#specification_provider}
-    # @param  [UI] resolver_ui
-    #   see {#resolver_ui}
-    def initialize(specification_provider, resolver_ui)
-      @specification_provider = specification_provider
-      @resolver_ui = resolver_ui
-    end
-
-    # Resolves the requested dependencies into a {DependencyGraph},
-    # locking to the base dependency graph (if specified)
-    # @param [Array] requested an array of 'requested' dependencies that the
-    #   {#specification_provider} can understand
-    # @param [DependencyGraph,nil] base the base dependency graph to which
-    #   dependencies should be 'locked'
-    def resolve(requested, base = DependencyGraph.new)
-      Resolution.new(specification_provider,
-                     resolver_ui,
-                     requested,
-                     base).
-        resolve
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/state.rb b/lib/rubygems/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/state.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index c48ec6af9c1234..00000000000000
--- a/lib/rubygems/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/state.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,58 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
-module Gem::Molinillo
-  # A state that a {Resolution} can be in
-  # @attr [String] name the name of the current requirement
-  # @attr [Array<Object>] requirements currently unsatisfied requirements
-  # @attr [DependencyGraph] activated the graph of activated dependencies
-  # @attr [Object] requirement the current requirement
-  # @attr [Object] possibilities the possibilities to satisfy the current requirement
-  # @attr [Integer] depth the depth of the resolution
-  # @attr [Hash] conflicts unresolved conflicts, indexed by dependency name
-  # @attr [Array<UnwindDetails>] unused_unwind_options unwinds for previous conflicts that weren't explored
-  ResolutionState = Struct.new(
-    :name,
-    :requirements,
-    :activated,
-    :requirement,
-    :possibilities,
-    :depth,
-    :conflicts,
-    :unused_unwind_options
-  )
-
-  class ResolutionState
-    # Returns an empty resolution state
-    # @return [ResolutionState] an empty state
-    def self.empty
-      new(nil, [], DependencyGraph.new, nil, nil, 0, {}, [])
-    end
-  end
-
-  # A state that encapsulates a set of {#requirements} with an {Array} of
-  # possibilities
-  class DependencyState < ResolutionState
-    # Removes a possibility from `self`
-    # @return [PossibilityState] a state with a single possibility,
-    #  the possibility that was removed from `self`
-    def pop_possibility_state
-      PossibilityState.new(
-        name,
-        requirements.dup,
-        activated,
-        requirement,
-        [possibilities.pop],
-        depth + 1,
-        conflicts.dup,
-        unused_unwind_options.dup
-      ).tap do |state|
-        state.activated.tag(state)
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  # A state that encapsulates a single possibility to fulfill the given
-  # {#requirement}
-  class PossibilityState < ResolutionState
-  end
-end
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/vendor/pub_grub/lib/pub_grub.rb b/lib/rubygems/vendor/pub_grub/lib/pub_grub.rb
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..818e947477cf2c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/rubygems/vendor/pub_grub/lib/pub_grub.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+require_relative "pub_grub/package"
+require_relative "pub_grub/static_package_source"
+require_relative "pub_grub/term"
+require_relative "pub_grub/version_range"
+require_relative "pub_grub/version_constraint"
+require_relative "pub_grub/version_union"
+require_relative "pub_grub/version_solver"
+require_relative "pub_grub/incompatibility"
+require_relative 'pub_grub/solve_failure'
+require_relative 'pub_grub/failure_writer'
+require_relative 'pub_grub/version'
+
+module Gem::PubGrub
+  # Minimal logger that doesn't require the 'logger' gem
+  class NullLogger
+    def info(&block); end
+    def debug(&block); end
+    def warn(&block); end
+    def error(&block); end
+  end
+
+  class StderrLogger
+    def info(&block)
+      $stderr.puts "INFO: #{block.call}" if block
+    end
+
+    def debug(&block)
+      $stderr.puts "DEBUG: #{block.call}" if block
+    end
+
+    def warn(&block)
+      $stderr.puts "WARN: #{block.call}" if block
+    end
+
+    def error(&block)
+      $stderr.puts "ERROR: #{block.call}" if block
+    end
+  end
+
+  class << self
+    attr_writer :logger
+
+    def logger
+      @logger || default_logger
+    end
+
+    private
+
+    def default_logger
+      @logger = $DEBUG ? StderrLogger.new : NullLogger.new
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/vendor/pub_grub/lib/pub_grub/assignment.rb b/lib/rubygems/vendor/pub_grub/lib/pub_grub/assignment.rb
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..7a11cf0933c9be
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/rubygems/vendor/pub_grub/lib/pub_grub/assignment.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+module Gem::PubGrub
+  class Assignment
+    attr_reader :term, :cause, :decision_level, :index
+    def initialize(term, cause, decision_level, index)
+      @term = term
+      @cause = cause
+      @decision_level = decision_level
+      @index = index
+    end
+
+    def self.decision(package, version, decision_level, index)
+      term = Term.new(VersionConstraint.exact(package, version), true)
+      new(term, :decision, decision_level, index)
+    end
+
+    def decision?
+      cause == :decision
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/vendor/pub_grub/lib/pub_grub/basic_package_source.rb b/lib/rubygems/vendor/pub_grub/lib/pub_grub/basic_package_source.rb
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..c8dbf2a5ab15ec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/rubygems/vendor/pub_grub/lib/pub_grub/basic_package_source.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,169 @@
+require_relative 'version_constraint'
+require_relative 'incompatibility'
+
+module Gem::PubGrub
+  # Types:
+  #
+  # Where possible, Gem::PubGrub will accept user-defined types, so long as they quack.
+  #
+  # ## "Package":
+  #
+  # This class will be used to represent the various packages being solved for.
+  # .to_s will be called when displaying errors and debugging info, it should
+  # probably return the package's name.
+  # It must also have a reasonable definition of #== and #hash
+  #
+  # Example classes: String ("rails")
+  #
+  #
+  # ## "Version":
+  #
+  # This class will be used to represent a single version number.
+  #
+  # Versions don't need to store their associated package, however they will
+  # only be compared against other versions of the same package.
+  #
+  # It must be Comparible (and implement <=> reasonably)
+  #
+  # Example classes: Gem::Version, Integer
+  #
+  #
+  # ## "Dependency"
+  #
+  # This class represents the requirement one package has on another. It is
+  # returned by dependencies_for(package, version) and will be passed to
+  # parse_dependency to convert it to a format Gem::PubGrub understands.
+  #
+  # It must also have a reasonable definition of #==
+  #
+  # Example classes: String ("~> 1.0"), Gem::Requirement
+  #
+  class BasicPackageSource
+    # Override me!
+    #
+    # This is called per package to find all possible versions of a package.
+    #
+    # It is called at most once per-package
+    #
+    # Returns: Array of versions for a package, in preferred order of selection
+    def all_versions_for(package)
+      raise NotImplementedError
+    end
+
+    # Override me!
+    #
+    # Returns: Hash in the form of { package => requirement, ... }
+    def dependencies_for(package, version)
+      raise NotImplementedError
+    end
+
+    # Override me!
+    #
+    # Convert a (user-defined) dependency into a format Gem::PubGrub understands.
+    #
+    # Package is passed to this method but for many implementations is not
+    # needed.
+    #
+    # Returns: either a Gem::PubGrub::VersionRange, Gem::PubGrub::VersionUnion, or a
+    #   Gem::PubGrub::VersionConstraint
+    def parse_dependency(package, dependency)
+      raise NotImplementedError
+    end
+
+    # Override me!
+    #
+    # If not overridden, this will call dependencies_for with the root package.
+    #
+    # Returns: Hash in the form of { package => requirement, ... } (see dependencies_for)
+    def root_dependencies
+      dependencies_for(@root_package, @root_version)
+    end
+
+    def initialize
+      @root_package = Package.root
+      @root_version = Package.root_version
+
+      @sorted_versions = Hash.new do |h,k|
+        if k == @root_package
+          h[k] = [@root_version]
+        else
+          h[k] = all_versions_for(k).sort
+        end
+      end
+
+      @cached_dependencies = Hash.new do |packages, package|
+        if package == @root_package
+          packages[package] = {
+            @root_version => root_dependencies
+          }
+        else
+          packages[package] = Hash.new do |versions, version|
+            versions[version] = dependencies_for(package, version)
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    def versions_for(package, range=VersionRange.any)
+      range.select_versions(@sorted_versions[package])
+    end
+
+    def no_versions_incompatibility_for(_package, unsatisfied_term)
+      cause = Incompatibility::NoVersions.new(unsatisfied_term)
+
+      Incompatibility.new([unsatisfied_term], cause: cause)
+    end
+
+    def incompatibilities_for(package, version)
+      package_deps = @cached_dependencies[package]
+      sorted_versions = @sorted_versions[package]
+      package_deps[version].map do |dep_package, dep_constraint_name|
+        low = high = sorted_versions.index(version)
+
+        # find version low such that all >= low share the same dep
+        while low > 0 &&
+            package_deps[sorted_versions[low - 1]][dep_package] == dep_constraint_name
+          low -= 1
+        end
+        low =
+          if low == 0
+            nil
+          else
+            sorted_versions[low]
+          end
+
+        # find version high such that all < high share the same dep
+        while high < sorted_versions.length &&
+            package_deps[sorted_versions[high]][dep_package] == dep_constraint_name
+          high += 1
+        end
+        high =
+          if high == sorted_versions.length
+            nil
+          else
+            sorted_versions[high]
+          end
+
+        range = VersionRange.new(min: low, max: high, include_min: !low.nil?)
+
+        self_constraint = VersionConstraint.new(package, range: range)
+
+        if !@packages.include?(dep_package)
+          # no such package -> this version is invalid
+        end
+
+        dep_constraint = parse_dependency(dep_package, dep_constraint_name)
+        if !dep_constraint
+          # falsey indicates this dependency was invalid
+          cause = Gem::PubGrub::Incompatibility::InvalidDependency.new(dep_package, dep_constraint_name)
+          return [Incompatibility.new([Term.new(self_constraint, true)], cause: cause)]
+        elsif !dep_constraint.is_a?(VersionConstraint)
+          # Upgrade range/union to VersionConstraint
+          dep_constraint = VersionConstraint.new(dep_package, range: dep_constraint)
+        end
+
+        Incompatibility.new([Term.new(self_constraint, true), Term.new(dep_constraint, false)], cause: :dependency)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/vendor/pub_grub/lib/pub_grub/failure_writer.rb b/lib/rubygems/vendor/pub_grub/lib/pub_grub/failure_writer.rb
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..d8bfde0286224c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/rubygems/vendor/pub_grub/lib/pub_grub/failure_writer.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,182 @@
+module Gem::PubGrub
+  class FailureWriter
+    def initialize(root)
+      @root = root
+
+      # { Incompatibility => Integer }
+      @derivations = {}
+
+      # [ [ String, Integer or nil ] ]
+      @lines = []
+
+      # { Incompatibility => Integer }
+      @line_numbers = {}
+
+      count_derivations(root)
+    end
+
+    def write
+      return @root.to_s unless @root.conflict?
+
+      visit(@root)
+
+      padding = @line_numbers.empty? ? 0 : "(#{@line_numbers.values.last}) ".length
+
+      @lines.map do |message, number|
+        next "" if message.empty?
+
+        lead = number ? "(#{number}) " : ""
+        lead = lead.ljust(padding)
+        message = message.gsub("\n", "\n" + " " * (padding + 2))
+        "#{lead}#{message}"
+      end.join("\n")
+    end
+
+    private
+
+    def write_line(incompatibility, message, numbered:)
+      if numbered
+        number = @line_numbers.length + 1
+        @line_numbers[incompatibility] = number
+      end
+
+      @lines << [message, number]
+    end
+
+    def visit(incompatibility, conclusion: false)
+      raise unless incompatibility.conflict?
+
+      numbered = conclusion || @derivations[incompatibility] > 1;
+      conjunction = conclusion || incompatibility == @root ? "So," : "And"
+
+      cause = incompatibility.cause
+
+      if cause.conflict.conflict? && cause.other.conflict?
+        conflict_line = @line_numbers[cause.conflict]
+        other_line = @line_numbers[cause.other]
+
+        if conflict_line && other_line
+          write_line(
+            incompatibility,
+            "Because #{cause.conflict} (#{conflict_line})\nand #{cause.other} (#{other_line}),\n#{incompatibility}.",
+            numbered: numbered
+          )
+        elsif conflict_line || other_line
+          with_line    = conflict_line ? cause.conflict : cause.other
+          without_line = conflict_line ? cause.other : cause.conflict
+          line = @line_numbers[with_line]
+
+          visit(without_line);
+          write_line(
+            incompatibility,
+            "#{conjunction} because #{with_line} (#{line}),\n#{incompatibility}.",
+            numbered: numbered
+          )
+        else
+          single_line_conflict = single_line?(cause.conflict.cause)
+          single_line_other    = single_line?(cause.other.cause)
+
+          if single_line_conflict || single_line_other
+            first  = single_line_other ? cause.conflict : cause.other
+            second = single_line_other ? cause.other : cause.conflict
+            visit(first)
+            visit(second)
+            write_line(
+              incompatibility,
+              "Thus, #{incompatibility}.",
+              numbered: numbered
+            )
+          else
+            visit(cause.conflict, conclusion: true)
+            @lines << ["", nil]
+            visit(cause.other)
+
+            write_line(
+              incompatibility,
+              "#{conjunction} because #{cause.conflict} (#{@line_numbers[cause.conflict]}),\n#{incompatibility}.",
+              numbered: numbered
+            )
+          end
+        end
+      elsif cause.conflict.conflict? || cause.other.conflict?
+        derived = cause.conflict.conflict? ? cause.conflict : cause.other
+        ext     = cause.conflict.conflict? ? cause.other : cause.conflict
+
+        derived_line = @line_numbers[derived]
+        if derived_line
+          write_line(
+            incompatibility,
+            "Because #{ext}\nand #{derived} (#{derived_line}),\n#{incompatibility}.",
+            numbered: numbered
+          )
+        elsif collapsible?(derived)
+          derived_cause = derived.cause
+          if derived_cause.conflict.conflict?
+            collapsed_derived = derived_cause.conflict
+            collapsed_ext = derived_cause.other
+          else
+            collapsed_derived = derived_cause.other
+            collapsed_ext = derived_cause.conflict
+          end
+
+          visit(collapsed_derived)
+
+          write_line(
+            incompatibility,
+            "#{conjunction} because #{collapsed_ext}\nand #{ext},\n#{incompatibility}.",
+            numbered: numbered
+          )
+        else
+          visit(derived)
+          write_line(
+            incompatibility,
+            "#{conjunction} because #{ext},\n#{incompatibility}.",
+            numbered: numbered
+          )
+        end
+      else
+        write_line(
+          incompatibility,
+          "Because #{cause.conflict}\nand #{cause.other},\n#{incompatibility}.",
+          numbered: numbered
+        )
+      end
+    end
+
+    def single_line?(cause)
+      !cause.conflict.conflict? && !cause.other.conflict?
+    end
+
+    def collapsible?(incompatibility)
+      return false if @derivations[incompatibility] > 1
+
+      cause = incompatibility.cause
+      # If incompatibility is derived from two derived incompatibilities,
+      # there are too many transitive causes to display concisely.
+      return false if cause.conflict.conflict? && cause.other.conflict?
+
+      # If incompatibility is derived from two external incompatibilities, it
+      # tends to be confusing to collapse it.
+      return false unless cause.conflict.conflict? || cause.other.conflict?
+
+      # If incompatibility's internal cause is numbered, collapsing it would
+      # get too noisy.
+      complex = cause.conflict.conflict? ? cause.conflict : cause.other
+
+      !@line_numbers.has_key?(complex)
+    end
+
+    def count_derivations(incompatibility)
+      if @derivations.has_key?(incompatibility)
+        @derivations[incompatibility] += 1
+      else
+        @derivations[incompatibility] = 1
+        if incompatibility.conflict?
+          cause = incompatibility.cause
+          count_derivations(cause.conflict)
+          count_derivations(cause.other)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/vendor/pub_grub/lib/pub_grub/incompatibility.rb b/lib/rubygems/vendor/pub_grub/lib/pub_grub/incompatibility.rb
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..b5652b5e01226c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/rubygems/vendor/pub_grub/lib/pub_grub/incompatibility.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,150 @@
+module Gem::PubGrub
+  class Incompatibility
+    ConflictCause = Struct.new(:incompatibility, :satisfier) do
+      alias_method :conflict, :incompatibility
+      alias_method :other, :satisfier
+    end
+
+    InvalidDependency = Struct.new(:package, :constraint) do
+    end
+
+    NoVersions = Struct.new(:constraint) do
+    end
+
+    attr_reader :terms, :cause
+
+    def initialize(terms, cause:, custom_explanation: nil)
+      @cause = cause
+      @terms = cleanup_terms(terms)
+      @custom_explanation = custom_explanation
+
+      if cause == :dependency && @terms.length != 2
+        raise ArgumentError, "a dependency Incompatibility must have exactly two terms. Got #{@terms.inspect}"
+      end
+    end
+
+    def hash
+      cause.hash ^ terms.hash
+    end
+
+    def eql?(other)
+      cause.eql?(other.cause) &&
+        terms.eql?(other.terms)
+    end
+
+    def failure?
+      terms.empty? || (terms.length == 1 && Package.root?(terms[0].package) && terms[0].positive?)
+    end
+
+    def conflict?
+      ConflictCause === cause
+    end
+
+    # Returns all external incompatibilities in this incompatibility's
+    # derivation graph
+    def external_incompatibilities
+      if conflict?
+        [
+          cause.conflict,
+          cause.other
+        ].flat_map(&:external_incompatibilities)
+      else
+        [this]
+      end
+    end
+
+    def to_s
+      return @custom_explanation if @custom_explanation
+
+      case cause
+      when :root
+        "(root dependency)"
+      when :dependency
+        "#{terms[0].to_s(allow_every: true)} depends on #{terms[1].invert}"
+      when Gem::PubGrub::Incompatibility::InvalidDependency
+        "#{terms[0].to_s(allow_every: true)} depends on unknown package #{cause.package}"
+      when Gem::PubGrub::Incompatibility::NoVersions
+        "no versions satisfy #{cause.constraint}"
+      when Gem::PubGrub::Incompatibility::ConflictCause
+        if failure?
+          "version solving has failed"
+        elsif terms.length == 1
+          term = terms[0]
+          if term.positive?
+            if term.constraint.any?
+              "#{term.package} cannot be used"
+            else
+              "#{term.to_s(allow_every: true)} cannot be used"
+            end
+          else
+            "#{term.invert} is required"
+          end
+        else
+          if terms.all?(&:positive?)
+            if terms.length == 2
+              "#{terms[0].to_s(allow_every: true)} is incompatible with #{terms[1]}"
+            else
+              "one of #{terms.map(&:to_s).join(" or ")} must be false"
+            end
+          elsif terms.all?(&:negative?)
+            if terms.length == 2
+              "either #{terms[0].invert} or #{terms[1].invert}"
+            else
+              "one of #{terms.map(&:invert).join(" or ")} must be true";
+            end
+          else
+            positive = terms.select(&:positive?)
+            negative = terms.select(&:negative?).map(&:invert)
+
+            if positive.length == 1
+              "#{positive[0].to_s(allow_every: true)} requires #{negative.join(" or ")}"
+            else
+              "if #{positive.join(" and ")} then #{negative.join(" or ")}"
+            end
+          end
+        end
+      else
+        raise "unhandled cause: #{cause.inspect}"
+      end
+    end
+
+    def inspect
+      "#<#{self.class} #{to_s}>"
+    end
+
+    def pretty_print(q)
+      q.group 2, "#<#{self.class}", ">" do
+        q.breakable
+        q.text to_s
+
+        q.breakable
+        q.text " caused by "
+        q.pp @cause
+      end
+    end
+
+    private
+
+    def cleanup_terms(terms)
+      terms.each do |term|
+        raise "#{term.inspect} must be a term" unless term.is_a?(Term)
+      end
+
+      if terms.length != 1 && ConflictCause === cause
+        terms = terms.reject do |term|
+          term.positive? && Package.root?(term.package)
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Optimized simple cases
+      return terms if terms.length <= 1
+      return terms if terms.length == 2 && terms[0].package != terms[1].package
+
+      terms.group_by(&:package).map do |package, common_terms|
+        common_terms.inject do |acc, term|
+          acc.intersect(term)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/vendor/pub_grub/lib/pub_grub/package.rb b/lib/rubygems/vendor/pub_grub/lib/pub_grub/package.rb
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..6baa908f60a2af
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/rubygems/vendor/pub_grub/lib/pub_grub/package.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Gem::PubGrub
+  class Package
+
+    attr_reader :name
+
+    def initialize(name)
+      @name = name
+    end
+
+    def inspect
+      "#<#{self.class} #{name.inspect}>"
+    end
+
+    def <=>(other)
+      name <=> other.name
+    end
+
+    ROOT = Package.new(:root)
+    ROOT_VERSION = 0
+
+    def self.root
+      ROOT
+    end
+
+    def self.root_version
+      ROOT_VERSION
+    end
+
+    def self.root?(package)
+      if package.respond_to?(:root?)
+        package.root?
+      else
+        package == root
+      end
+    end
+
+    def to_s
+      name.to_s
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/vendor/pub_grub/lib/pub_grub/partial_solution.rb b/lib/rubygems/vendor/pub_grub/lib/pub_grub/partial_solution.rb
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..f6a6ae6964f7fa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/rubygems/vendor/pub_grub/lib/pub_grub/partial_solution.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,121 @@
+require_relative 'assignment'
+
+module Gem::PubGrub
+  class PartialSolution
+    attr_reader :assignments, :decisions
+    attr_reader :attempted_solutions
+
+    def initialize
+      reset!
+
+      @attempted_solutions = 1
+      @backtracking = false
+    end
+
+    def decision_level
+      @decisions.length
+    end
+
+    def relation(term)
+      package = term.package
+      return :overlap if !@terms.key?(package)
+
+      @relation_cache[package][term] ||=
+        @terms[package].relation(term)
+    end
+
+    def satisfies?(term)
+      relation(term) == :subset
+    end
+
+    def derive(term, cause)
+      add_assignment(Assignment.new(term, cause, decision_level, assignments.length))
+    end
+
+    def satisfier(term)
+      assignment =
+        @assignments_by[term.package].bsearch do |assignment_by|
+          @cumulative_assignments[assignment_by].satisfies?(term)
+        end
+
+      assignment || raise("#{term} unsatisfied")
+    end
+
+    # A list of unsatisfied terms
+    def unsatisfied
+      @required.keys.reject do |package|
+        @decisions.key?(package)
+      end.map do |package|
+        @terms[package]
+      end
+    end
+
+    def decide(package, version)
+      @attempted_solutions += 1 if @backtracking
+      @backtracking = false;
+
+      decisions[package] = version
+      assignment = Assignment.decision(package, version, decision_level, assignments.length)
+      add_assignment(assignment)
+    end
+
+    def backtrack(previous_level)
+      @backtracking = true
+
+      new_assignments = assignments.select do |assignment|
+        assignment.decision_level <= previous_level
+      end
+
+      new_decisions = Hash[decisions.first(previous_level)]
+
+      reset!
+
+      @decisions = new_decisions
+
+      new_assignments.each do |assignment|
+        add_assignment(assignment)
+      end
+    end
+
+    private
+
+    def reset!
+      # { Array<Assignment> }
+      @assignments = []
+
+      # { Package => Array<Assignment> }
+      @assignments_by = Hash.new { |h,k| h[k] = [] }
+      @cumulative_assignments = {}.compare_by_identity
+
+      # { Package => Package::Version }
+      @decisions = {}
+
+      # { Package => Term }
+      @terms = {}
+      @relation_cache = Hash.new { |h,k| h[k] = {} }
+
+      # { Package => Boolean }
+      @required = {}
+    end
+
+    def add_assignment(assignment)
+      term = assignment.term
+      package = term.package
+
+      @assignments << assignment
+      @assignments_by[package] << assignment
+
+      @required[package] = true if term.positive?
+
+      if @terms.key?(package)
+        old_term = @terms[package]
+        @terms[package] = old_term.intersect(term)
+      else
+        @terms[package] = term
+      end
+      @relation_cache[package].clear
+
+      @cumulative_assignments[assignment] = @terms[package]
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/vendor/pub_grub/lib/pub_grub/rubygems.rb b/lib/rubygems/vendor/pub_grub/lib/pub_grub/rubygems.rb
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..60ca3ca2eacbcd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/rubygems/vendor/pub_grub/lib/pub_grub/rubygems.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+module Gem::PubGrub
+  module RubyGems
+    extend self
+
+    def requirement_to_range(requirement)
+      ranges = requirement.requirements.map do |(op, ver)|
+        case op
+        when "~>"
+          name = "~> #{ver}"
+          bump = ver.class.new(ver.bump.to_s + ".A")
+          VersionRange.new(name: name, min: ver, max: bump, include_min: true)
+        when ">"
+          VersionRange.new(min: ver)
+        when ">="
+          VersionRange.new(min: ver, include_min: true)
+        when "<"
+          VersionRange.new(max: ver)
+        when "<="
+          VersionRange.new(max: ver, include_max: true)
+        when "="
+          VersionRange.new(min: ver, max: ver, include_min: true, include_max: true)
+        when "!="
+          VersionRange.new(min: ver, max: ver, include_min: true, include_max: true).invert
+        else
+          raise "bad version specifier: #{op}"
+        end
+      end
+
+      ranges.inject(&:intersect)
+    end
+
+    def requirement_to_constraint(package, requirement)
+      Gem::PubGrub::VersionConstraint.new(package, range: requirement_to_range(requirement))
+    end
+
+    def parse_range(dep)
+      requirement_to_range(Gem::Requirement.new(dep))
+    end
+
+    def parse_constraint(package, dep)
+      range = parse_range(dep)
+      Gem::PubGrub::VersionConstraint.new(package, range: range)
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/vendor/pub_grub/lib/pub_grub/solve_failure.rb b/lib/rubygems/vendor/pub_grub/lib/pub_grub/solve_failure.rb
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..c4181d2b2551ad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/rubygems/vendor/pub_grub/lib/pub_grub/solve_failure.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+require_relative 'failure_writer'
+
+module Gem::PubGrub
+  class SolveFailure < StandardError
+    attr_reader :incompatibility
+
+    def initialize(incompatibility)
+      @incompatibility = incompatibility
+    end
+
+    def to_s
+      "Could not find compatible versions\n\n#{explanation}"
+    end
+
+    def explanation
+      @explanation ||= FailureWriter.new(@incompatibility).write
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/vendor/pub_grub/lib/pub_grub/static_package_source.rb b/lib/rubygems/vendor/pub_grub/lib/pub_grub/static_package_source.rb
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..9e1de7d7a1d11b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/rubygems/vendor/pub_grub/lib/pub_grub/static_package_source.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+require_relative 'package'
+require_relative 'rubygems'
+require_relative 'version_constraint'
+require_relative 'incompatibility'
+require_relative 'basic_package_source'
+
+module Gem::PubGrub
+  class StaticPackageSource < BasicPackageSource
+    class DSL
+      def initialize(packages, root_deps)
+        @packages = packages
+        @root_deps = root_deps
+      end
+
+      def root(deps:)
+        @root_deps.update(deps)
+      end
+
+      def add(name, version, deps: {})
+        version = Gem::Version.new(version)
+        @packages[name] ||= {}
+        raise ArgumentError, "#{name} #{version} declared twice" if @packages[name].key?(version)
+        @packages[name][version] = clean_deps(name, version, deps)
+      end
+
+      private
+
+      # Exclude redundant self-referencing dependencies
+      def clean_deps(name, version, deps)
+        deps.reject {|dep_name, req| name == dep_name && Gem::PubGrub::RubyGems.parse_range(req).include?(version) }
+      end
+    end
+
+    def initialize
+      @root_deps = {}
+      @packages = {}
+
+      yield DSL.new(@packages, @root_deps)
+
+      super()
+    end
+
+    def all_versions_for(package)
+      @packages[package].keys
+    end
+
+    def root_dependencies
+      @root_deps
+    end
+
+    def dependencies_for(package, version)
+      @packages[package][version]
+    end
+
+    def parse_dependency(package, dependency)
+      return false unless @packages.key?(package)
+
+      Gem::PubGrub::RubyGems.parse_constraint(package, dependency)
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/vendor/pub_grub/lib/pub_grub/strategy.rb b/lib/rubygems/vendor/pub_grub/lib/pub_grub/strategy.rb
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..b9874cdece5f47
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/rubygems/vendor/pub_grub/lib/pub_grub/strategy.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+module Gem::PubGrub
+  class Strategy
+    def initialize(source)
+      @source = source
+
+      @root_package = Package.root
+      @root_version = Package.root_version
+
+      @version_indexes = Hash.new do |h,k|
+        if k == @root_package
+          h[k] = { @root_version => 0 }
+        else
+          h[k] = @source.all_versions_for(k).each.with_index.to_h
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    def next_package_and_version(unsatisfied)
+      package, range = next_term_to_try_from(unsatisfied)
+
+      [package, most_preferred_version_of(package, range)]
+    end
+
+    private
+
+    def most_preferred_version_of(package, range)
+      versions = @source.versions_for(package, range)
+
+      indexes = @version_indexes[package]
+      versions.min_by { |version| indexes[version] || Float::INFINITY }
+    end
+
+    def next_term_to_try_from(unsatisfied)
+      unsatisfied.min_by do |package, range|
+        matching_versions = @source.versions_for(package, range)
+        higher_versions = @source.versions_for(package, range.upper_invert)
+
+        [matching_versions.count <= 1 ? 0 : 1, higher_versions.count]
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/vendor/pub_grub/lib/pub_grub/term.rb b/lib/rubygems/vendor/pub_grub/lib/pub_grub/term.rb
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..bb26bdc911782a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/rubygems/vendor/pub_grub/lib/pub_grub/term.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
+module Gem::PubGrub
+  class Term
+    attr_reader :package, :constraint, :positive
+
+    def initialize(constraint, positive)
+      @constraint = constraint
+      @package = @constraint.package
+      @positive = positive
+    end
+
+    def to_s(allow_every: false)
+      if positive
+        @constraint.to_s(allow_every: allow_every)
+      else
+        "not #{@constraint}"
+      end
+    end
+
+    def hash
+      constraint.hash ^ positive.hash
+    end
+
+    def eql?(other)
+      positive == other.positive &&
+        constraint.eql?(other.constraint)
+    end
+
+    def invert
+      self.class.new(@constraint, !@positive)
+    end
+    alias_method :inverse, :invert
+
+    def intersect(other)
+      raise ArgumentError, "packages must match" if package != other.package
+
+      if positive? && other.positive?
+        self.class.new(constraint.intersect(other.constraint), true)
+      elsif negative? && other.negative?
+        self.class.new(constraint.union(other.constraint), false)
+      else
+        positive = positive? ? self : other
+        negative = negative? ? self : other
+        self.class.new(positive.constraint.intersect(negative.constraint.invert), true)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def difference(other)
+      intersect(other.invert)
+    end
+
+    def relation(other)
+      if positive? && other.positive?
+        constraint.relation(other.constraint)
+      elsif negative? && other.positive?
+        if constraint.allows_all?(other.constraint)
+          :disjoint
+        else
+          :overlap
+        end
+      elsif positive? && other.negative?
+        if !other.constraint.allows_any?(constraint)
+          :subset
+        elsif other.constraint.allows_all?(constraint)
+          :disjoint
+        else
+          :overlap
+        end
+      elsif negative? && other.negative?
+        if constraint.allows_all?(other.constraint)
+          :subset
+        else
+          :overlap
+        end
+      else
+        raise
+      end
+    end
+
+    def normalized_constraint
+      @normalized_constraint ||= positive ? constraint : constraint.invert
+    end
+
+    def satisfies?(other)
+      raise ArgumentError, "packages must match" unless package == other.package
+
+      relation(other) == :subset
+    end
+
+    def positive?
+      @positive
+    end
+
+    def negative?
+      !positive?
+    end
+
+    def empty?
+      @empty ||= normalized_constraint.empty?
+    end
+
+    def inspect
+      "#<#{self.class} #{self}>"
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/vendor/pub_grub/lib/pub_grub/version.rb b/lib/rubygems/vendor/pub_grub/lib/pub_grub/version.rb
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..5701bf0656f840
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/rubygems/vendor/pub_grub/lib/pub_grub/version.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+module Gem::PubGrub
+  VERSION = "0.5.0"
+end
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/vendor/pub_grub/lib/pub_grub/version_constraint.rb b/lib/rubygems/vendor/pub_grub/lib/pub_grub/version_constraint.rb
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..ee998b32711019
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/rubygems/vendor/pub_grub/lib/pub_grub/version_constraint.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,129 @@
+require_relative 'version_range'
+
+module Gem::PubGrub
+  class VersionConstraint
+    attr_reader :package, :range
+
+    # @param package [Gem::PubGrub::Package]
+    # @param range [Gem::PubGrub::VersionRange]
+    def initialize(package, range: nil)
+      @package = package
+      @range = range
+    end
+
+    def hash
+      package.hash ^ range.hash
+    end
+
+    def ==(other)
+      package == other.package &&
+        range == other.range
+    end
+
+    def eql?(other)
+      package.eql?(other.package) &&
+        range.eql?(other.range)
+    end
+
+    class << self
+      def exact(package, version)
+        range = VersionRange.new(min: version, max: version, include_min: true, include_max: true)
+        new(package, range: range)
+      end
+
+      def any(package)
+        new(package, range: VersionRange.any)
+      end
+
+      def empty(package)
+        new(package, range: VersionRange.empty)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def intersect(other)
+      unless package == other.package
+        raise ArgumentError, "Can only intersect between VersionConstraint of the same package"
+      end
+
+      self.class.new(package, range: range.intersect(other.range))
+    end
+
+    def union(other)
+      unless package == other.package
+        raise ArgumentError, "Can only intersect between VersionConstraint of the same package"
+      end
+
+      self.class.new(package, range: range.union(other.range))
+    end
+
+    def invert
+      new_range = range.invert
+      self.class.new(package, range: new_range)
+    end
+
+    def difference(other)
+      intersect(other.invert)
+    end
+
+    def allows_all?(other)
+      range.allows_all?(other.range)
+    end
+
+    def allows_any?(other)
+      range.intersects?(other.range)
+    end
+
+    def subset?(other)
+      other.allows_all?(self)
+    end
+
+    def overlap?(other)
+      other.allows_any?(self)
+    end
+
+    def disjoint?(other)
+      !overlap?(other)
+    end
+
+    def relation(other)
+      if subset?(other)
+        :subset
+      elsif overlap?(other)
+        :overlap
+      else
+        :disjoint
+      end
+    end
+
+    def to_s(allow_every: false)
+      if Package.root?(package)
+        package.to_s
+      elsif allow_every && any?
+        "every version of #{package}"
+      else
+        "#{package} #{constraint_string}"
+      end
+    end
+
+    def constraint_string
+      if any?
+        ">= 0"
+      else
+        range.to_s
+      end
+    end
+
+    def empty?
+      range.empty?
+    end
+
+    # Does this match every version of the package
+    def any?
+      range.any?
+    end
+
+    def inspect
+      "#<#{self.class} #{self}>"
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/vendor/pub_grub/lib/pub_grub/version_range.rb b/lib/rubygems/vendor/pub_grub/lib/pub_grub/version_range.rb
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..fa0e2d5742b07e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/rubygems/vendor/pub_grub/lib/pub_grub/version_range.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,423 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Gem::PubGrub
+  class VersionRange
+    attr_reader :min, :max, :include_min, :include_max
+
+    alias_method :include_min?, :include_min
+    alias_method :include_max?, :include_max
+
+    class Empty < VersionRange
+      undef_method :min, :max
+      undef_method :include_min, :include_min?
+      undef_method :include_max, :include_max?
+
+      def initialize
+      end
+
+      def empty?
+        true
+      end
+
+      def eql?(other)
+        other.empty?
+      end
+
+      def hash
+        [].hash
+      end
+
+      def intersects?(_)
+        false
+      end
+
+      def intersect(other)
+        self
+      end
+
+      def allows_all?(other)
+        other.empty?
+      end
+
+      def include?(_)
+        false
+      end
+
+      def any?
+        false
+      end
+
+      def to_s
+        "(no versions)"
+      end
+
+      def ==(other)
+        other.class == self.class
+      end
+
+      def invert
+        VersionRange.any
+      end
+
+      def select_versions(_)
+        []
+      end
+    end
+
+    EMPTY = Empty.new
+    Empty.singleton_class.undef_method(:new)
+
+    def self.empty
+      EMPTY
+    end
+
+    def self.any
+      new
+    end
+
+    def initialize(min: nil, max: nil, include_min: false, include_max: false, name: nil)
+      raise ArgumentError, "Ranges without a lower bound cannot have include_min == true" if !min && include_min == true
+      raise ArgumentError, "Ranges without an upper bound cannot have include_max == true" if !max && include_max == true
+
+      @min = min
+      @max = max
+      @include_min = include_min
+      @include_max = include_max
+      @name = name
+    end
+
+    def hash
+      @hash ||= min.hash ^ max.hash ^ include_min.hash ^ include_max.hash
+    end
+
+    def eql?(other)
+      if other.is_a?(VersionRange)
+        !other.empty? &&
+          min.eql?(other.min) &&
+          max.eql?(other.max) &&
+          include_min.eql?(other.include_min) &&
+          include_max.eql?(other.include_max)
+      else
+        ranges.eql?(other.ranges)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def ranges
+      [self]
+    end
+
+    def include?(version)
+      compare_version(version) == 0
+    end
+
+    # Partitions passed versions into [lower, within, higher]
+    #
+    # versions must be sorted
+    def partition_versions(versions)
+      min_index =
+        if !min || versions.empty?
+          0
+        elsif include_min?
+          (0..versions.size).bsearch { |i| versions[i].nil? || versions[i] >= min }
+        else
+          (0..versions.size).bsearch { |i| versions[i].nil? || versions[i] > min }
+        end
+
+      lower = versions.slice(0, min_index)
+      versions = versions.slice(min_index, versions.size)
+
+      max_index =
+        if !max || versions.empty?
+          versions.size
+        elsif include_max?
+          (0..versions.size).bsearch { |i| versions[i].nil? || versions[i] > max }
+        else
+          (0..versions.size).bsearch { |i| versions[i].nil? || versions[i] >= max }
+        end
+
+      [
+        lower,
+        versions.slice(0, max_index),
+        versions.slice(max_index, versions.size)
+      ]
+    end
+
+    # Returns versions which are included by this range.
+    #
+    # versions must be sorted
+    def select_versions(versions)
+      return versions if any?
+
+      partition_versions(versions)[1]
+    end
+
+    def compare_version(version)
+      if min
+        case version <=> min
+        when -1
+          return -1
+        when 0
+          return -1 if !include_min
+        when 1
+        end
+      end
+
+      if max
+        case version <=> max
+        when -1
+        when 0
+          return 1 if !include_max
+        when 1
+          return 1
+        end
+      end
+
+      0
+    end
+
+    def strictly_lower?(other)
+      return false if !max || !other.min
+
+      case max <=> other.min
+      when 0
+        !include_max || !other.include_min
+      when -1
+        true
+      when 1
+        false
+      end
+    end
+
+    def strictly_higher?(other)
+      other.strictly_lower?(self)
+    end
+
+    def intersects?(other)
+      return false if other.empty?
+      return other.intersects?(self) if other.is_a?(VersionUnion)
+      !strictly_lower?(other) && !strictly_higher?(other)
+    end
+    alias_method :allows_any?, :intersects?
+
+    def intersect(other)
+      return other if other.empty?
+      return other.intersect(self) if other.is_a?(VersionUnion)
+
+      min_range =
+        if !min
+          other
+        elsif !other.min
+          self
+        else
+          case min <=> other.min
+          when 0
+            include_min ? other : self
+          when -1
+            other
+          when 1
+            self
+          end
+        end
+
+      max_range =
+        if !max
+          other
+        elsif !other.max
+          self
+        else
+          case max <=> other.max
+          when 0
+            include_max ? other : self
+          when -1
+            self
+          when 1
+            other
+          end
+        end
+
+      if !min_range.equal?(max_range) && min_range.min && max_range.max
+        case min_range.min <=> max_range.max
+        when -1
+        when 0
+          if !min_range.include_min || !max_range.include_max
+            return EMPTY
+          end
+        when 1
+          return EMPTY
+        end
+      end
+
+      VersionRange.new(
+        min: min_range.min,
+        include_min: min_range.include_min,
+        max: max_range.max,
+        include_max: max_range.include_max
+      )
+    end
+
+    # The span covered by two ranges
+    #
+    # If self and other are contiguous, this builds a union of the two ranges.
+    # (if they aren't you are probably calling the wrong method)
+    def span(other)
+      return self if other.empty?
+
+      min_range =
+        if !min
+          self
+        elsif !other.min
+          other
+        else
+          case min <=> other.min
+          when 0
+            include_min ? self : other
+          when -1
+            self
+          when 1
+            other
+          end
+        end
+
+      max_range =
+        if !max
+          self
+        elsif !other.max
+          other
+        else
+          case max <=> other.max
+          when 0
+            include_max ? self : other
+          when -1
+            other
+          when 1
+            self
+          end
+        end
+
+      VersionRange.new(
+        min: min_range.min,
+        include_min: min_range.include_min,
+        max: max_range.max,
+        include_max: max_range.include_max
+      )
+    end
+
+    def union(other)
+      return other.union(self) if other.is_a?(VersionUnion)
+
+      if contiguous_to?(other)
+        span(other)
+      else
+        VersionUnion.union([self, other])
+      end
+    end
+
+    def contiguous_to?(other)
+      return false if other.empty?
+      return true if any?
+
+      intersects?(other) || contiguous_below?(other) || contiguous_above?(other)
+    end
+
+    def contiguous_below?(other)
+      return false if !max || !other.min
+
+      max == other.min && (include_max || other.include_min)
+    end
+
+    def contiguous_above?(other)
+      other.contiguous_below?(self)
+    end
+
+    def allows_all?(other)
+      return true if other.empty?
+
+      if other.is_a?(VersionUnion)
+        return VersionUnion.new([self]).allows_all?(other)
+      end
+
+      return false if max && !other.max
+      return false if min && !other.min
+
+      if min
+        case min <=> other.min
+        when -1
+        when 0
+          return false if !include_min && other.include_min
+        when 1
+          return false
+        end
+      end
+
+      if max
+        case max <=> other.max
+        when -1
+          return false
+        when 0
+          return false if !include_max && other.include_max
+        when 1
+        end
+      end
+
+      true
+    end
+
+    def any?
+      !min && !max
+    end
+
+    def empty?
+      false
+    end
+
+    def to_s
+      @name ||= constraints.join(", ")
+    end
+
+    def inspect
+      "#<#{self.class} #{to_s}>"
+    end
+
+    def upper_invert
+      return self.class.empty unless max
+
+      VersionRange.new(min: max, include_min: !include_max)
+    end
+
+    def invert
+      return self.class.empty if any?
+
+      low = -> { VersionRange.new(max: min, include_max: !include_min) }
+      high = -> { VersionRange.new(min: max, include_min: !include_max) }
+
+      if !min
+        high.call
+      elsif !max
+        low.call
+      else
+        low.call.union(high.call)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def ==(other)
+      self.class == other.class &&
+        min == other.min &&
+        max == other.max &&
+        include_min == other.include_min &&
+        include_max == other.include_max
+    end
+
+    private
+
+    def constraints
+      return ["any"] if any?
+      return ["= #{min}"] if min.to_s == max.to_s
+
+      c = []
+      c << "#{include_min ? ">=" : ">"} #{min}" if min
+      c << "#{include_max ? "<=" : "<"} #{max}" if max
+      c
+    end
+
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/vendor/pub_grub/lib/pub_grub/version_solver.rb b/lib/rubygems/vendor/pub_grub/lib/pub_grub/version_solver.rb
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..3341d8fe3b0076
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/rubygems/vendor/pub_grub/lib/pub_grub/version_solver.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,236 @@
+require_relative 'partial_solution'
+require_relative 'term'
+require_relative 'incompatibility'
+require_relative 'solve_failure'
+require_relative 'strategy'
+
+module Gem::PubGrub
+  class VersionSolver
+    attr_reader :logger
+    attr_reader :source
+    attr_reader :solution
+    attr_reader :strategy
+
+    def initialize(source:, root: Package.root, strategy: Strategy.new(source), logger: Gem::PubGrub.logger)
+      @logger = logger
+
+      @source = source
+      @strategy = strategy
+
+      # { package => [incompatibility, ...]}
+      @incompatibilities = Hash.new do |h, k|
+        h[k] = []
+      end
+
+      @seen_incompatibilities = {}
+
+      @solution = PartialSolution.new
+
+      add_incompatibility Incompatibility.new([
+        Term.new(VersionConstraint.any(root), false)
+      ], cause: :root)
+
+      propagate(root)
+    end
+
+    def solved?
+      solution.unsatisfied.empty?
+    end
+
+    # Returns true if there is more work to be done, false otherwise
+    def work
+      unsatisfied_terms = solution.unsatisfied
+      if unsatisfied_terms.empty?
+        logger.info { "Solution found after #{solution.attempted_solutions} attempts:" }
+        solution.decisions.each do |package, version|
+          next if Package.root?(package)
+          logger.info { "* #{package} #{version}" }
+        end
+
+        return false
+      end
+
+      next_package = choose_package_version_from(unsatisfied_terms)
+      propagate(next_package)
+
+      true
+    end
+
+    def solve
+      while work; end
+
+      solution.decisions
+    end
+
+    alias_method :result, :solve
+
+    private
+
+    def propagate(initial_package)
+      changed = [initial_package]
+      while package = changed.shift
+        @incompatibilities[package].reverse_each do |incompatibility|
+          result = propagate_incompatibility(incompatibility)
+          if result == :conflict
+            root_cause = resolve_conflict(incompatibility)
+            changed.clear
+            changed << propagate_incompatibility(root_cause)
+          elsif result # should be a Package
+            changed << result
+          end
+        end
+        changed.uniq!
+      end
+    end
+
+    def propagate_incompatibility(incompatibility)
+      unsatisfied = nil
+      incompatibility.terms.each do |term|
+        relation = solution.relation(term)
+        if relation == :disjoint
+          return nil
+        elsif relation == :overlap
+          # If more than one term is inconclusive, we can't deduce anything
+          return nil if unsatisfied
+          unsatisfied = term
+        end
+      end
+
+      if !unsatisfied
+        return :conflict
+      end
+
+      logger.debug { "derived: #{unsatisfied.invert}" }
+
+      solution.derive(unsatisfied.invert, incompatibility)
+
+      unsatisfied.package
+    end
+
+    def choose_package_version_from(unsatisfied_terms)
+      remaining = unsatisfied_terms.map { |t| [t.package, t.constraint.range] }.to_h
+
+      package, version = strategy.next_package_and_version(remaining)
+
+      logger.debug { "attempting #{package} #{version}" }
+
+      if version.nil?
+        unsatisfied_term = unsatisfied_terms.find { |t| t.package == package }
+        add_incompatibility source.no_versions_incompatibility_for(package, unsatisfied_term)
+        return package
+      end
+
+      conflict = false
+
+      source.incompatibilities_for(package, version).each do |incompatibility|
+        if @seen_incompatibilities.include?(incompatibility)
+          logger.debug { "knew: #{incompatibility}" }
+          next
+        end
+        @seen_incompatibilities[incompatibility] = true
+
+        add_incompatibility incompatibility
+
+        conflict ||= incompatibility.terms.all? do |term|
+          term.package == package || solution.satisfies?(term)
+        end
+      end
+
+      unless conflict
+        logger.info { "selected #{package} #{version}" }
+
+        solution.decide(package, version)
+      else
+        logger.info { "conflict: #{conflict.inspect}" }
+      end
+
+      package
+    end
+
+    def resolve_conflict(incompatibility)
+      logger.info { "conflict: #{incompatibility}" }
+
+      new_incompatibility = nil
+
+      while !incompatibility.failure?
+        most_recent_term = nil
+        most_recent_satisfier = nil
+        difference = nil
+
+        previous_level = 1
+
+        incompatibility.terms.each do |term|
+          satisfier = solution.satisfier(term)
+
+          if most_recent_satisfier.nil?
+            most_recent_term = term
+            most_recent_satisfier = satisfier
+          elsif most_recent_satisfier.index < satisfier.index
+            previous_level = [previous_level, most_recent_satisfier.decision_level].max
+            most_recent_term = term
+            most_recent_satisfier = satisfier
+            difference = nil
+          else
+            previous_level = [previous_level, satisfier.decision_level].max
+          end
+
+          if most_recent_term == term
+            difference = most_recent_satisfier.term.difference(most_recent_term)
+            if difference.empty?
+              difference = nil
+            else
+              difference_satisfier = solution.satisfier(difference.inverse)
+              previous_level = [previous_level, difference_satisfier.decision_level].max
+            end
+          end
+        end
+
+        if previous_level < most_recent_satisfier.decision_level ||
+            most_recent_satisfier.decision?
+
+          logger.info { "backtracking to #{previous_level}" }
+          solution.backtrack(previous_level)
+
+          if new_incompatibility
+            add_incompatibility(new_incompatibility)
+          end
+
+          return incompatibility
+        end
+
+        new_terms = []
+        new_terms += incompatibility.terms - [most_recent_term]
+        new_terms += most_recent_satisfier.cause.terms.reject { |term|
+          term.package == most_recent_satisfier.term.package
+        }
+        if difference
+          new_terms << difference.invert
+        end
+
+        new_incompatibility = Incompatibility.new(new_terms, cause: Incompatibility::ConflictCause.new(incompatibility, most_recent_satisfier.cause))
+
+        if incompatibility.to_s == new_incompatibility.to_s
+          logger.info { "!! failed to resolve conflicts, this shouldn't have happened" }
+          break
+        end
+
+        incompatibility = new_incompatibility
+
+        partially = difference ? " partially" : ""
+        logger.info { "! #{most_recent_term} is#{partially} satisfied by #{most_recent_satisfier.term}" }
+        logger.info { "! which is caused by #{most_recent_satisfier.cause}" }
+        logger.info { "! thus #{incompatibility}" }
+      end
+
+      raise SolveFailure.new(incompatibility)
+    end
+
+    def add_incompatibility(incompatibility)
+      logger.debug { "fact: #{incompatibility}" }
+      incompatibility.terms.each do |term|
+        package = term.package
+        @incompatibilities[package] << incompatibility
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/vendor/pub_grub/lib/pub_grub/version_union.rb b/lib/rubygems/vendor/pub_grub/lib/pub_grub/version_union.rb
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..4166318a98930a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/rubygems/vendor/pub_grub/lib/pub_grub/version_union.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,178 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Gem::PubGrub
+  class VersionUnion
+    attr_reader :ranges
+
+    def self.normalize_ranges(ranges)
+      ranges = ranges.flat_map do |range|
+        range.ranges
+      end
+
+      ranges.reject!(&:empty?)
+
+      return [] if ranges.empty?
+
+      mins, ranges = ranges.partition { |r| !r.min }
+      original_ranges = mins + ranges.sort_by { |r| [r.min, r.include_min ? 0 : 1] }
+      ranges = [original_ranges.shift]
+      original_ranges.each do |range|
+        if ranges.last.contiguous_to?(range)
+          ranges << ranges.pop.span(range)
+        else
+          ranges << range
+        end
+      end
+
+      ranges
+    end
+
+    def self.union(ranges, normalize: true)
+      ranges = normalize_ranges(ranges) if normalize
+
+      if ranges.size == 0
+        VersionRange.empty
+      elsif ranges.size == 1
+        ranges[0]
+      else
+        new(ranges)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def initialize(ranges)
+      raise ArgumentError unless ranges.all? { |r| r.instance_of?(VersionRange) }
+      @ranges = ranges
+    end
+
+    def hash
+      ranges.hash
+    end
+
+    def eql?(other)
+      ranges.eql?(other.ranges)
+    end
+
+    def include?(version)
+      !!ranges.bsearch {|r| r.compare_version(version) }
+    end
+
+    def select_versions(all_versions)
+      versions = []
+      ranges.inject(all_versions) do |acc, range|
+        _, matching, higher = range.partition_versions(acc)
+        versions.concat matching
+        higher
+      end
+      versions
+    end
+
+    def intersects?(other)
+      my_ranges = ranges.dup
+      other_ranges = other.ranges.dup
+
+      my_range = my_ranges.shift
+      other_range = other_ranges.shift
+      while my_range && other_range
+        if my_range.intersects?(other_range)
+          return true
+        end
+
+        if !my_range.max || other_range.empty? || (other_range.max && other_range.max < my_range.max)
+          other_range = other_ranges.shift
+        else
+          my_range = my_ranges.shift
+        end
+      end
+    end
+    alias_method :allows_any?, :intersects?
+
+    def allows_all?(other)
+      my_ranges = ranges.dup
+
+      my_range = my_ranges.shift
+
+      other.ranges.all? do |other_range|
+        while my_range
+          break if my_range.allows_all?(other_range)
+          my_range = my_ranges.shift
+        end
+
+        !!my_range
+      end
+    end
+
+    def empty?
+      false
+    end
+
+    def any?
+      false
+    end
+
+    def intersect(other)
+      my_ranges = ranges.dup
+      other_ranges = other.ranges.dup
+      new_ranges = []
+
+      my_range = my_ranges.shift
+      other_range = other_ranges.shift
+      while my_range && other_range
+        new_ranges << my_range.intersect(other_range)
+
+        if !my_range.max || other_range.empty? || (other_range.max && other_range.max < my_range.max)
+          other_range = other_ranges.shift
+        else
+          my_range = my_ranges.shift
+        end
+      end
+      new_ranges.reject!(&:empty?)
+      VersionUnion.union(new_ranges, normalize: false)
+    end
+
+    def upper_invert
+      ranges.last.upper_invert
+    end
+
+    def invert
+      ranges.map(&:invert).inject(:intersect)
+    end
+
+    def union(other)
+      VersionUnion.union([self, other])
+    end
+
+    def to_s
+      output = []
+
+      ranges = self.ranges.dup
+      while !ranges.empty?
+        ne = []
+        range = ranges.shift
+        while !ranges.empty? && ranges[0].min.to_s == range.max.to_s
+          ne << range.max
+          range = range.span(ranges.shift)
+        end
+
+        ne.map! {|x| "!= #{x}" }
+        if ne.empty?
+          output << range.to_s
+        elsif range.any?
+          output << ne.join(', ')
+        else
+          output << "#{range}, #{ne.join(', ')}"
+        end
+      end
+
+      output.join(" OR ")
+    end
+
+    def inspect
+      "#<#{self.class} #{to_s}>"
+    end
+
+    def ==(other)
+      self.class == other.class &&
+        self.ranges == other.ranges
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/vendored_molinillo.rb b/lib/rubygems/vendored_molinillo.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 45906c0e5c71b4..00000000000000
--- a/lib/rubygems/vendored_molinillo.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
-require_relative "vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo"
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/vendored_pub_grub.rb b/lib/rubygems/vendored_pub_grub.rb
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..844d243ab320fb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/rubygems/vendored_pub_grub.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require_relative "vendor/pub_grub/lib/pub_grub"
diff --git a/test/rubygems/test_gem_commands_install_command.rb b/test/rubygems/test_gem_commands_install_command.rb
index cc58d7d105df85..d75ba349f96ada 100644
--- a/test/rubygems/test_gem_commands_install_command.rb
+++ b/test/rubygems/test_gem_commands_install_command.rb
@@ -119,11 +119,7 @@ def test_execute_local_dependency_nonexistent
       end
     end
 
-    expected = <<-EXPECTED
-ERROR:  Could not find a valid gem 'bar' (= 0.5) (required by 'foo' (>= 0)) in any repository
-    EXPECTED
-
-    assert_equal expected, @ui.error
+    assert_match(/ERROR:.*foo.*bar/m, @ui.error)
   end
 
   def test_execute_local_dependency_nonexistent_ignore_dependencies
@@ -303,11 +299,7 @@ def test_execute_dependency_nonexistent
       assert_equal 2, e.exit_code
     end
 
-    expected = <<-EXPECTED
-ERROR:  Could not find a valid gem 'bar' (= 0.5) (required by 'foo' (>= 0)) in any repository
-    EXPECTED
-
-    assert_equal expected, @ui.error
+    assert_match(/ERROR:.*foo.*bar/m, @ui.error)
   end
 
   def test_execute_http_proxy
diff --git a/test/rubygems/test_gem_dependency_installer.rb b/test/rubygems/test_gem_dependency_installer.rb
index 8d9caf7d90b9a4..bb52df4271fee6 100644
--- a/test/rubygems/test_gem_dependency_installer.rb
+++ b/test/rubygems/test_gem_dependency_installer.rb
@@ -793,13 +793,13 @@ def test_install_domain_local
     inst = nil
 
     Dir.chdir @tempdir do
-      e = assert_raise Gem::UnsatisfiableDependencyError do
+      e = assert_raise Gem::DependencyResolutionError do
         inst = Gem::DependencyInstaller.new domain: :local
         inst.install "b"
       end
 
-      expected = "Unable to resolve dependency: 'b (>= 0)' requires 'a (>= 0)'"
-      assert_equal expected, e.message
+      assert_match(/depends on a/, e.message)
+      assert_match(/no versions satisfy a/, e.message)
     end
 
     assert_equal [], inst.installed_gems.map(&:full_name)
diff --git a/test/rubygems/test_gem_resolver.rb b/test/rubygems/test_gem_resolver.rb
index 4990d5d2dd1339..b9b005f70ea7e6 100644
--- a/test/rubygems/test_gem_resolver.rb
+++ b/test/rubygems/test_gem_resolver.rb
@@ -86,63 +86,6 @@ def test_self_compose_sets_single
     assert_same index_set, composed
   end
 
-  def test_requests
-    a1 = util_spec "a", 1, "b" => 2
-
-    r1 = Gem::Resolver::DependencyRequest.new dep("a", "= 1"), nil
-
-    act = Gem::Resolver::ActivationRequest.new a1, r1
-
-    res = Gem::Resolver.new [a1]
-
-    reqs = []
-
-    res.requests a1, act, reqs
-
-    assert_equal ["b (= 2)"], reqs.map(&:to_s)
-  end
-
-  def test_requests_development
-    a1 = util_spec "a", 1, "b" => 2
-
-    spec = Gem::Resolver::SpecSpecification.new nil, a1
-    def spec.fetch_development_dependencies
-      @called = true
-    end
-
-    r1 = Gem::Resolver::DependencyRequest.new dep("a", "= 1"), nil
-
-    act = Gem::Resolver::ActivationRequest.new spec, r1
-
-    res = Gem::Resolver.new [act]
-    res.development = true
-
-    reqs = []
-
-    res.requests spec, act, reqs
-
-    assert_equal ["b (= 2)"], reqs.map(&:to_s)
-
-    assert spec.instance_variable_defined? :@called
-  end
-
-  def test_requests_ignore_dependencies
-    a1 = util_spec "a", 1, "b" => 2
-
-    r1 = Gem::Resolver::DependencyRequest.new dep("a", "= 1"), nil
-
-    act = Gem::Resolver::ActivationRequest.new a1, r1
-
-    res = Gem::Resolver.new [a1]
-    res.ignore_dependencies = true
-
-    reqs = []
-
-    res.requests a1, act, reqs
-
-    assert_empty reqs
-  end
-
   def test_resolve_conservative
     a1_spec = util_spec "a", 1
 
@@ -511,19 +454,9 @@ def test_raises_dependency_error
       r.resolve
     end
 
-    deps = [make_dep("c", "= 2"), make_dep("c", "= 1")]
-    assert_equal deps, e.conflicting_dependencies
-
-    con = e.conflict
-
-    act = con.activated
-    assert_equal "c-1", act.spec.full_name
-
-    parent = act.parent
-    assert_equal "a-1", parent.spec.full_name
-
-    act = con.requester
-    assert_equal "b-1", act.spec.full_name
+    assert_kind_of Gem::Resolver::PubGrubFailure, e.conflict
+    assert_match(/a depends on c/, e.message)
+    assert_match(/b depends on c/, e.message)
   end
 
   def test_raises_when_a_gem_is_missing
@@ -578,12 +511,12 @@ def test_raises_and_reports_an_implicit_request_properly
 
     r = Gem::Resolver.new([ad], set(a1))
 
-    e = assert_raise Gem::UnsatisfiableDependencyError do
+    e = assert_raise Gem::DependencyResolutionError do
       r.resolve
     end
 
-    assert_equal "Unable to resolve dependency: 'a (= 1)' requires 'b (= 2)'",
-                 e.message
+    assert_match(/depends on b/, e.message)
+    assert_match(/no versions satisfy b/, e.message)
   end
 
   def test_raises_when_possibles_are_exhausted
@@ -605,18 +538,9 @@ def test_raises_when_possibles_are_exhausted
       r.resolve
     end
 
-    dependency = e.conflict.dependency
-
-    assert_includes %w[a b], dependency.name
-    assert_equal req(">= 0"), dependency.requirement
-
-    activated = e.conflict.activated
-    assert_equal "c-1", activated.full_name
-
-    assert_equal dep("c", "= 1"), activated.request.dependency
-
-    assert_equal [dep("c", ">= 2"), dep("c", "= 1")],
-                 e.conflict.conflicting_dependencies
+    assert_kind_of Gem::Resolver::PubGrubFailure, e.conflict
+    assert_match(/a depends on c/, e.message)
+    assert_match(/b depends on c/, e.message)
   end
 
   def test_keeps_resolving_after_seeing_satisfied_dep
@@ -772,7 +696,7 @@ def test_second_level_backout
     assert_resolves_to [b1, c1, d2], r
   end
 
-  def test_sorts_by_source_then_version
+  def test_picks_highest_version_across_sources
     source_a = Gem::Source.new "http://example.com/a"
     source_b = Gem::Source.new "http://example.com/b"
     source_c = Gem::Source.new "http://example.com/c"
@@ -795,7 +719,7 @@ def test_sorts_by_source_then_version
 
     resolver = Gem::Resolver.new [dependency], set
 
-    assert_resolves_to [spec_b_2], resolver
+    assert_resolves_to [spec_a_2], resolver
   end
 
   def test_select_local_platforms

From 456a2dbdd3ed58f7d16b06c945ce382dbf7aec2c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Matt Larraz <mlarraz@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Mon, 16 Mar 2026 19:26:47 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 06/34] [ruby/rubygems] Fix lockfile requirement preservation
 and orphaned deps test

Preserve the original dependency requirement from root deps when
building ActivationRequests, so lockfiles correctly record constraints
like "a (>= 1)" instead of bare "a".

Update the orphaned dependencies test: PubGrub correctly backtracks
from b-2 (missing c-2) to b-1 (has c-1), finding a valid solution
that Molinillo's simpler backtracking missed.

https://github.com/ruby/rubygems/commit/ff04cd9d90

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.6 <noreply@anthropic.com>
---
 lib/rubygems/resolver.rb  |  4 +++-
 test/rubygems/test_gem.rb | 10 +++-------
 2 files changed, 6 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/lib/rubygems/resolver.rb b/lib/rubygems/resolver.rb
index 5578135a83e81f..e0643dd249e6fd 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/resolver.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/resolver.rb
@@ -171,10 +171,12 @@ def resolve
     result = solver.solve
 
     # Convert to Array<ActivationRequest>
+    needed_by_name = @needed.group_by(&:name)
     result.filter_map do |package, version|
       next if Gem::PubGrub::Package.root?(package)
       spec = spec_for(package.to_s, version)
-      dep_request = DependencyRequest.new(Gem::Dependency.new(package.to_s), nil)
+      dep = needed_by_name[package.to_s]&.first || Gem::Dependency.new(package.to_s)
+      dep_request = DependencyRequest.new(dep, nil)
       ActivationRequest.new(spec, dep_request)
     end
   rescue Gem::PubGrub::SolveFailure => e
diff --git a/test/rubygems/test_gem.rb b/test/rubygems/test_gem.rb
index b9a4cf1ce032ce..bce50a1d369bc2 100644
--- a/test/rubygems/test_gem.rb
+++ b/test/rubygems/test_gem.rb
@@ -331,13 +331,9 @@ def test_activate_bin_path_raises_a_meaningful_error_if_a_gem_thats_finally_acti
 
     install_specs c1, b1, b2, a1
 
-    # c2 is missing, and b2 which has it as a dependency will be activated, so we should get an error about the orphaned dependency
-
-    e = assert_raise Gem::UnsatisfiableDependencyError do
-      load Gem.activate_bin_path("a", "exec", ">= 0")
-    end
-
-    assert_equal "Unable to resolve dependency: 'b (>= 0)' requires 'c (= 2)'", e.message
+    # c2 is missing, but the resolver backtracks from b2 to b1 which
+    # works with c1, finding a valid solution despite partial installation
+    load Gem.activate_bin_path("a", "exec", ">= 0")
   end
 
   def test_activate_bin_path_in_debug_mode

From 600240d6852416021ad6d435837316b18f1902ba Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Colby Swandale <colby@rubygems.org>
Date: Sun, 12 Apr 2026 12:15:08 +1000
Subject: [PATCH 07/34] [ruby/rubygems] Extend catching
 Gem::DependencyResolutionError error to exec command

https://github.com/ruby/rubygems/commit/486bbca187
---
 lib/rubygems/commands/exec_command.rb         |  3 ++
 .../test_gem_commands_exec_command.rb         | 29 +++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 32 insertions(+)

diff --git a/lib/rubygems/commands/exec_command.rb b/lib/rubygems/commands/exec_command.rb
index c24ebbf711c2d7..1feafbdd358316 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/commands/exec_command.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/commands/exec_command.rb
@@ -173,6 +173,9 @@ def install
   rescue Gem::InstallError => e
     alert_error "Error installing #{gem_name}:\n\t#{e.message}"
     terminate_interaction 1
+  rescue Gem::DependencyResolutionError => e
+    alert_error "Error installing #{gem_name}:\n\t#{e.message}"
+    terminate_interaction 2
   rescue Gem::GemNotFoundException => e
     show_lookup_failure e.name, e.version, e.errors, false
 
diff --git a/test/rubygems/test_gem_commands_exec_command.rb b/test/rubygems/test_gem_commands_exec_command.rb
index db738b5e9f58e0..b949cd34a67b3a 100644
--- a/test/rubygems/test_gem_commands_exec_command.rb
+++ b/test/rubygems/test_gem_commands_exec_command.rb
@@ -856,4 +856,33 @@ def test_newer_prerelease_available
       assert_equal %w[a-1.1.a], @installed_specs.map(&:full_name)
     end
   end
+
+  def test_install_dependency_resolution_error
+    spec_fetcher do |fetcher|
+      fetcher.gem "a", 2 do |s|
+        s.executables = %w[a]
+        s.add_dependency "b", "~> 1.0"
+        s.add_dependency "c", "~> 1.0"
+      end
+      fetcher.gem "b", 1 do |s|
+        s.add_dependency "d", "= 1.0"
+      end
+      fetcher.gem "c", 1 do |s|
+        s.add_dependency "d", "= 2.0"
+      end
+      fetcher.gem "d", 1
+      fetcher.gem "d", 2
+    end
+
+    util_clear_gems
+
+    use_ui @ui do
+      e = assert_raise Gem::MockGemUi::TermError do
+        @cmd.invoke "a:2"
+      end
+      assert_equal 2, e.exit_code
+    end
+
+    assert_match(/ERROR:.*Error installing a:/, @ui.error)
+  end
 end

From 14298299455ba3f83f3a638808fc872a699c810e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Colby Swandale <colby@rubygems.org>
Date: Sun, 12 Apr 2026 12:33:55 +1000
Subject: [PATCH 08/34] [ruby/rubygems] Simplify DependencyResolutionError by
 removing PubGrubFailure wrapper

https://github.com/ruby/rubygems/commit/ca268e2042
---
 lib/rubygems/exceptions.rb                    | 24 +++++++++----------
 lib/rubygems/resolver.rb                      |  5 +---
 lib/rubygems/resolver/pub_grub_failure.rb     | 18 --------------
 .../test_gem_dependency_resolution_error.rb   | 12 ++++++++--
 test/rubygems/test_gem_resolver.rb            |  4 ++--
 5 files changed, 24 insertions(+), 39 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 lib/rubygems/resolver/pub_grub_failure.rb

diff --git a/lib/rubygems/exceptions.rb b/lib/rubygems/exceptions.rb
index 1bba014245a8d2..2c0c38617f045e 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/exceptions.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/exceptions.rb
@@ -33,26 +33,24 @@ class Gem::DependencyError < Gem::Exception; end
 class Gem::DependencyRemovalException < Gem::Exception; end
 
 ##
-# Raised by Gem::Resolver when a Gem::Dependency::Conflict reaches the
-# toplevel.  Indicates which dependencies were incompatible through #conflict
-# and #conflicting_dependencies
+# Raised by Gem::Resolver when dependency resolution fails.
 
 class Gem::DependencyResolutionError < Gem::DependencyError
-  attr_reader :conflict
-
   def initialize(conflict)
-    @conflict = conflict
+    @explanation = conflict.explanation
+    super @explanation
+  end
 
-    if conflict.respond_to?(:solve_failure)
-      super conflict.explanation
-    else
-      a, b = conflicting_dependencies
-      super "conflicting dependencies #{a} and #{b}\n#{@conflict.explanation}"
-    end
+  def explanation
+    @explanation
+  end
+
+  def conflict
+    nil
   end
 
   def conflicting_dependencies
-    @conflict.conflicting_dependencies
+    []
   end
 end
 
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/resolver.rb b/lib/rubygems/resolver.rb
index e0643dd249e6fd..5e4b29579a682a 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/resolver.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/resolver.rb
@@ -180,8 +180,7 @@ def resolve
       ActivationRequest.new(spec, dep_request)
     end
   rescue Gem::PubGrub::SolveFailure => e
-    failure = Gem::Resolver::PubGrubFailure.new(e)
-    raise Gem::DependencyResolutionError, failure
+    raise Gem::DependencyResolutionError, e
   end
 
   # PubGrub source interface methods
@@ -392,8 +391,6 @@ def make_logger
 require_relative "resolver/conflict"
 require_relative "resolver/dependency_request"
 require_relative "resolver/requirement_list"
-require_relative "resolver/pub_grub_failure"
-
 require_relative "resolver/set"
 require_relative "resolver/api_set"
 require_relative "resolver/composed_set"
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/resolver/pub_grub_failure.rb b/lib/rubygems/resolver/pub_grub_failure.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 3ace7ef51590a6..00000000000000
--- a/lib/rubygems/resolver/pub_grub_failure.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,18 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
-class Gem::Resolver::PubGrubFailure
-  attr_reader :solve_failure
-
-  def initialize(solve_failure)
-    @solve_failure = solve_failure
-  end
-
-  def explanation
-    @solve_failure.explanation
-  end
-
-  def conflicting_dependencies
-    terms = @solve_failure.incompatibility.terms
-    terms.map {|t| t.package.to_s }
-  end
-end
diff --git a/test/rubygems/test_gem_dependency_resolution_error.rb b/test/rubygems/test_gem_dependency_resolution_error.rb
index 98a6b6b8fd0e08..e67ade5939ff73 100644
--- a/test/rubygems/test_gem_dependency_resolution_error.rb
+++ b/test/rubygems/test_gem_dependency_resolution_error.rb
@@ -19,7 +19,15 @@ def setup
   end
 
   def test_message
-    assert_match(/^conflicting dependencies a \(= 1\) and a \(= 2\)$/,
-                 @error.message)
+    assert_match(/Activated a-2/, @error.message)
+    assert_match(/conflicting dependency/, @error.message)
+  end
+
+  def test_conflict
+    assert_nil @error.conflict
+  end
+
+  def test_conflicting_dependencies
+    assert_equal [], @error.conflicting_dependencies
   end
 end
diff --git a/test/rubygems/test_gem_resolver.rb b/test/rubygems/test_gem_resolver.rb
index b9b005f70ea7e6..8c032bf73a30c4 100644
--- a/test/rubygems/test_gem_resolver.rb
+++ b/test/rubygems/test_gem_resolver.rb
@@ -454,7 +454,7 @@ def test_raises_dependency_error
       r.resolve
     end
 
-    assert_kind_of Gem::Resolver::PubGrubFailure, e.conflict
+    assert_nil e.conflict
     assert_match(/a depends on c/, e.message)
     assert_match(/b depends on c/, e.message)
   end
@@ -538,7 +538,7 @@ def test_raises_when_possibles_are_exhausted
       r.resolve
     end
 
-    assert_kind_of Gem::Resolver::PubGrubFailure, e.conflict
+    assert_nil e.conflict
     assert_match(/a depends on c/, e.message)
     assert_match(/b depends on c/, e.message)
   end

From f07eabd6c7e133647ef9f0527db0d6325b0ac7e8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Colby Swandale <colby@rubygems.org>
Date: Sun, 12 Apr 2026 12:42:29 +1000
Subject: [PATCH 09/34] [ruby/rubygems] find_all_gems test coverage

https://github.com/ruby/rubygems/commit/8cb62e54a6
---
 test/rubygems/test_gem_source_local.rb | 24 ++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 24 insertions(+)

diff --git a/test/rubygems/test_gem_source_local.rb b/test/rubygems/test_gem_source_local.rb
index e9d7f454820a3e..60621736296766 100644
--- a/test/rubygems/test_gem_source_local.rb
+++ b/test/rubygems/test_gem_source_local.rb
@@ -63,6 +63,30 @@ def test_find_gem_prerelease
     assert_equal "a-2.a", @sl.find_gem("a", req, true).full_name
   end
 
+  def test_find_all_gems
+    _, a2_gem = util_gem "a", "2"
+    FileUtils.mv a2_gem, @tempdir
+
+    results = @sl.find_all_gems("a")
+    assert_equal ["a-1", "a-2"], results.map(&:full_name).sort
+  end
+
+  def test_find_all_gems_excludes_prerelease_by_default
+    results = @sl.find_all_gems("a")
+    assert_equal ["a-1"], results.map(&:full_name)
+  end
+
+  def test_find_all_gems_includes_prerelease_when_requested
+    results = @sl.find_all_gems("a", Gem::Requirement.create(">= 0"), true)
+    assert_equal ["a-1", "a-2.a"], results.map(&:full_name).sort
+  end
+
+  def test_find_all_gems_includes_prerelease_when_requirement_is_prerelease
+    req = Gem::Requirement.create("= 2.a")
+    results = @sl.find_all_gems("a", req)
+    assert_equal ["a-2.a"], results.map(&:full_name)
+  end
+
   def test_fetch_spec
     s = @sl.fetch_spec @a.name_tuple
     assert_equal s, @a

From b1b53a2ff581db3b2ab828ef8f1fe61d7f611d8a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Colby Swandale <colby@rubygems.org>
Date: Sun, 12 Apr 2026 12:51:33 +1000
Subject: [PATCH 10/34] [ruby/rubygems] Remove dead Molinillo-era error classes
 and simplify DependencyResolutionError

https://github.com/ruby/rubygems/commit/6592033131
---
 lib/rubygems/exceptions.rb                    |  34 ----
 lib/rubygems/resolver.rb                      |   1 -
 lib/rubygems/resolver/conflict.rb             | 146 ------------------
 .../test_gem_dependency_resolution_error.rb   |  19 +--
 .../test_gem_impossible_dependencies_error.rb |  60 -------
 test/rubygems/test_gem_resolver_conflict.rb   |  80 ----------
 6 files changed, 7 insertions(+), 333 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 lib/rubygems/resolver/conflict.rb
 delete mode 100644 test/rubygems/test_gem_impossible_dependencies_error.rb
 delete mode 100644 test/rubygems/test_gem_resolver_conflict.rb

diff --git a/lib/rubygems/exceptions.rb b/lib/rubygems/exceptions.rb
index 2c0c38617f045e..e00a70c66249a3 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/exceptions.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/exceptions.rb
@@ -128,40 +128,6 @@ def initialize(name, version, errors = nil)
 
 Gem.deprecate_constant :SpecificGemNotFoundException
 
-##
-# Raised by Gem::Resolver when dependencies conflict and create the
-# inability to find a valid possible spec for a request.
-
-class Gem::ImpossibleDependenciesError < Gem::Exception
-  attr_reader :conflicts
-  attr_reader :request
-
-  def initialize(request, conflicts)
-    @request   = request
-    @conflicts = conflicts
-
-    super build_message
-  end
-
-  def build_message # :nodoc:
-    requester  = @request.requester
-    requester  = requester ? requester.spec.full_name : "The user"
-    dependency = @request.dependency
-
-    message = "#{requester} requires #{dependency} but it conflicted:\n".dup
-
-    @conflicts.each do |_, conflict|
-      message << conflict.explanation
-    end
-
-    message
-  end
-
-  def dependency
-    @request.dependency
-  end
-end
-
 class Gem::InstallError < Gem::Exception; end
 
 class Gem::RuntimeRequirementNotMetError < Gem::InstallError
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/resolver.rb b/lib/rubygems/resolver.rb
index 5e4b29579a682a..1f63a7b17b5e23 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/resolver.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/resolver.rb
@@ -388,7 +388,6 @@ def make_logger
 end
 
 require_relative "resolver/activation_request"
-require_relative "resolver/conflict"
 require_relative "resolver/dependency_request"
 require_relative "resolver/requirement_list"
 require_relative "resolver/set"
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/resolver/conflict.rb b/lib/rubygems/resolver/conflict.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 77c3add4b32d21..00000000000000
--- a/lib/rubygems/resolver/conflict.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,146 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
-##
-# Used internally to indicate that a dependency conflicted
-# with a spec that would be activated.
-
-class Gem::Resolver::Conflict
-  ##
-  # The specification that was activated prior to the conflict
-
-  attr_reader :activated
-
-  ##
-  # The dependency that is in conflict with the activated gem.
-
-  attr_reader :dependency
-
-  attr_reader :failed_dep # :nodoc:
-
-  ##
-  # Creates a new resolver conflict when +dependency+ is in conflict with an
-  # already +activated+ specification.
-
-  def initialize(dependency, activated, failed_dep = dependency)
-    @dependency = dependency
-    @activated = activated
-    @failed_dep = failed_dep
-  end
-
-  def ==(other) # :nodoc:
-    self.class === other &&
-      @dependency == other.dependency &&
-      @activated  == other.activated  &&
-      @failed_dep == other.failed_dep
-  end
-
-  ##
-  # A string explanation of the conflict.
-
-  def explain
-    "<Conflict wanted: #{@failed_dep}, had: #{activated.spec.full_name}>"
-  end
-
-  ##
-  # Return the 2 dependency objects that conflicted
-
-  def conflicting_dependencies
-    [@failed_dep.dependency, @activated.request.dependency]
-  end
-
-  ##
-  # Explanation of the conflict used by exceptions to print useful messages
-
-  def explanation
-    activated   = @activated.spec.full_name
-    dependency  = @failed_dep.dependency
-    requirement = dependency.requirement
-    alternates  = dependency.matching_specs.map(&:full_name)
-
-    unless alternates.empty?
-      matching = <<-MATCHING.chomp
-
-  Gems matching %s:
-    %s
-      MATCHING
-
-      matching = format(matching, dependency, alternates.join(", "))
-    end
-
-    explanation = <<-EXPLANATION
-  Activated %s
-  which does not match conflicting dependency (%s)
-
-  Conflicting dependency chains:
-    %s
-
-  versus:
-    %s
-%s
-    EXPLANATION
-
-    format(explanation, activated, requirement, request_path(@activated).reverse.join(", depends on\n    "), request_path(@failed_dep).reverse.join(", depends on\n    "), matching)
-  end
-
-  ##
-  # Returns true if the conflicting dependency's name matches +spec+.
-
-  def for_spec?(spec)
-    @dependency.name == spec.name
-  end
-
-  def pretty_print(q) # :nodoc:
-    q.group 2, "[Dependency conflict: ", "]" do
-      q.breakable
-
-      q.text "activated "
-      q.pp @activated
-
-      q.breakable
-      q.text " dependency "
-      q.pp @dependency
-
-      q.breakable
-      if @dependency == @failed_dep
-        q.text " failed"
-      else
-        q.text " failed dependency "
-        q.pp @failed_dep
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  ##
-  # Path of activations from the +current+ list.
-
-  def request_path(current)
-    path = []
-
-    while current do
-      case current
-      when Gem::Resolver::ActivationRequest then
-        path <<
-          "#{current.request.dependency}, #{current.spec.version} activated"
-
-        current = current.parent
-      when Gem::Resolver::DependencyRequest then
-        path << current.dependency.to_s
-
-        current = current.requester
-      else
-        raise Gem::Exception, "[BUG] unknown request class #{current.class}"
-      end
-    end
-
-    path = ["user request (gem command or Gemfile)"] if path.empty?
-
-    path
-  end
-
-  ##
-  # Return the Specification that listed the dependency
-
-  def requester
-    @failed_dep.requester
-  end
-end
diff --git a/test/rubygems/test_gem_dependency_resolution_error.rb b/test/rubygems/test_gem_dependency_resolution_error.rb
index e67ade5939ff73..d8fa96a2602ac4 100644
--- a/test/rubygems/test_gem_dependency_resolution_error.rb
+++ b/test/rubygems/test_gem_dependency_resolution_error.rb
@@ -6,21 +6,16 @@ class TestGemDependencyResolutionError < Gem::TestCase
   def setup
     super
 
-    @spec = util_spec "a", 2
-
-    @a1_req = Gem::Resolver::DependencyRequest.new dep("a", "= 1"), nil
-    @a2_req = Gem::Resolver::DependencyRequest.new dep("a", "= 2"), nil
-
-    @activated = Gem::Resolver::ActivationRequest.new @spec, @a2_req
-
-    @conflict = Gem::Resolver::Conflict.new @a1_req, @activated
-
-    @error = Gem::DependencyResolutionError.new @conflict
+    failure = Struct.new(:explanation).new("a depends on b (= 1.0) but no versions match")
+    @error = Gem::DependencyResolutionError.new failure
   end
 
   def test_message
-    assert_match(/Activated a-2/, @error.message)
-    assert_match(/conflicting dependency/, @error.message)
+    assert_equal "a depends on b (= 1.0) but no versions match", @error.message
+  end
+
+  def test_explanation
+    assert_equal "a depends on b (= 1.0) but no versions match", @error.explanation
   end
 
   def test_conflict
diff --git a/test/rubygems/test_gem_impossible_dependencies_error.rb b/test/rubygems/test_gem_impossible_dependencies_error.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 94c0290ea1e79c..00000000000000
--- a/test/rubygems/test_gem_impossible_dependencies_error.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,60 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
-require_relative "helper"
-
-class TestGemImpossibleDependenciesError < Gem::TestCase
-  def test_message_conflict
-    request = dependency_request dep("net-ssh", ">= 2.0.13"), "rye", "0.9.8"
-
-    conflicts = []
-
-    # These conflicts are lies as their dependencies does not have the correct
-    # requested-by entries, but they are suitable for testing the message.
-    # See #485 to construct a correct conflict.
-    net_ssh_2_2_2 =
-      dependency_request dep("net-ssh", ">= 2.6.5"), "net-ssh", "2.2.2", request
-    net_ssh_2_6_5 =
-      dependency_request dep("net-ssh", "~> 2.2.2"), "net-ssh", "2.6.5", request
-
-    conflict1 = Gem::Resolver::Conflict.new \
-      net_ssh_2_6_5, net_ssh_2_6_5.requester
-
-    conflict2 = Gem::Resolver::Conflict.new \
-      net_ssh_2_2_2, net_ssh_2_2_2.requester
-
-    conflicts << [net_ssh_2_6_5.requester.spec, conflict1]
-    conflicts << [net_ssh_2_2_2.requester.spec, conflict2]
-
-    error = Gem::ImpossibleDependenciesError.new request, conflicts
-
-    expected = <<-EXPECTED
-rye-0.9.8 requires net-ssh (>= 2.0.13) but it conflicted:
-  Activated net-ssh-2.6.5
-  which does not match conflicting dependency (~> 2.2.2)
-
-  Conflicting dependency chains:
-    rye (= 0.9.8), 0.9.8 activated, depends on
-    net-ssh (>= 2.0.13), 2.6.5 activated
-
-  versus:
-    rye (= 0.9.8), 0.9.8 activated, depends on
-    net-ssh (>= 2.0.13), 2.6.5 activated, depends on
-    net-ssh (~> 2.2.2)
-
-  Activated net-ssh-2.2.2
-  which does not match conflicting dependency (>= 2.6.5)
-
-  Conflicting dependency chains:
-    rye (= 0.9.8), 0.9.8 activated, depends on
-    net-ssh (>= 2.0.13), 2.2.2 activated
-
-  versus:
-    rye (= 0.9.8), 0.9.8 activated, depends on
-    net-ssh (>= 2.0.13), 2.2.2 activated, depends on
-    net-ssh (>= 2.6.5)
-
-    EXPECTED
-
-    assert_equal expected, error.message
-  end
-end
diff --git a/test/rubygems/test_gem_resolver_conflict.rb b/test/rubygems/test_gem_resolver_conflict.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 5696ff266d0023..00000000000000
--- a/test/rubygems/test_gem_resolver_conflict.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,80 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
-require_relative "helper"
-
-class TestGemResolverConflict < Gem::TestCase
-  def test_explanation
-    root  =
-      dependency_request dep("net-ssh", ">= 2.0.13"), "rye", "0.9.8"
-    child =
-      dependency_request dep("net-ssh", ">= 2.6.5"), "net-ssh", "2.2.2", root
-
-    dep = Gem::Resolver::DependencyRequest.new dep("net-ssh", ">= 2.0.13"), nil
-
-    spec = util_spec "net-ssh", "2.2.2"
-    active =
-      Gem::Resolver::ActivationRequest.new spec, dep
-
-    conflict =
-      Gem::Resolver::Conflict.new child, active
-
-    expected = <<-EXPECTED
-  Activated net-ssh-2.2.2
-  which does not match conflicting dependency (>= 2.6.5)
-
-  Conflicting dependency chains:
-    net-ssh (>= 2.0.13), 2.2.2 activated
-
-  versus:
-    rye (= 0.9.8), 0.9.8 activated, depends on
-    net-ssh (>= 2.0.13), 2.2.2 activated, depends on
-    net-ssh (>= 2.6.5)
-
-    EXPECTED
-
-    assert_equal expected, conflict.explanation
-  end
-
-  def test_explanation_user_request
-    spec = util_spec "a", 2
-
-    a1_req = Gem::Resolver::DependencyRequest.new dep("a", "= 1"), nil
-    a2_req = Gem::Resolver::DependencyRequest.new dep("a", "= 2"), nil
-
-    activated = Gem::Resolver::ActivationRequest.new spec, a2_req
-
-    conflict = Gem::Resolver::Conflict.new a1_req, activated
-
-    expected = <<-EXPECTED
-  Activated a-2
-  which does not match conflicting dependency (= 1)
-
-  Conflicting dependency chains:
-    a (= 2), 2 activated
-
-  versus:
-    a (= 1)
-
-    EXPECTED
-
-    assert_equal expected, conflict.explanation
-  end
-
-  def test_request_path
-    root  =
-      dependency_request dep("net-ssh", ">= 2.0.13"), "rye", "0.9.8"
-
-    child =
-      dependency_request dep("other", ">= 1.0"), "net-ssh", "2.2.2", root
-
-    conflict =
-      Gem::Resolver::Conflict.new nil, nil
-
-    expected = [
-      "net-ssh (>= 2.0.13), 2.2.2 activated",
-      "rye (= 0.9.8), 0.9.8 activated",
-    ]
-
-    assert_equal expected, conflict.request_path(child.requester)
-  end
-end

From c131a631f0a94d29891c55d5a1f770a1e8c710f7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Colby Swandale <colby@rubygems.org>
Date: Sun, 12 Apr 2026 13:46:09 +1000
Subject: [PATCH 11/34] [ruby/rubygems] Rename orphaned deps test to reflect
 PubGrub backtracking behavior

https://github.com/ruby/rubygems/commit/081245a511
---
 test/rubygems/test_gem.rb | 4 +++-
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/test/rubygems/test_gem.rb b/test/rubygems/test_gem.rb
index bce50a1d369bc2..c81b0b0547aeca 100644
--- a/test/rubygems/test_gem.rb
+++ b/test/rubygems/test_gem.rb
@@ -313,7 +313,7 @@ def test_activate_bin_path_does_not_error_if_a_gem_thats_not_finally_activated_h
     assert_equal %w[a-1 b-2 c-2], loaded_spec_names
   end
 
-  def test_activate_bin_path_raises_a_meaningful_error_if_a_gem_thats_finally_activated_has_orphaned_dependencies
+  def test_activate_bin_path_backtracks_when_highest_version_has_orphaned_dependencies
     a1 = util_spec "a", "1" do |s|
       s.executables = ["exec"]
       s.add_dependency "b"
@@ -334,6 +334,8 @@ def test_activate_bin_path_raises_a_meaningful_error_if_a_gem_thats_finally_acti
     # c2 is missing, but the resolver backtracks from b2 to b1 which
     # works with c1, finding a valid solution despite partial installation
     load Gem.activate_bin_path("a", "exec", ">= 0")
+
+    assert_equal %w[a-1 b-1 c-1], loaded_spec_names
   end
 
   def test_activate_bin_path_in_debug_mode

From c6682793b2e18875e90111f1d67baa49e87bbf2e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Colby Swandale <colby@rubygems.org>
Date: Sun, 12 Apr 2026 14:31:29 +1000
Subject: [PATCH 12/34] [ruby/rubygems] Fix prerelease version inconsistency
 between all_versions_for and versions_for

PubGrub requires both methods to agree on the version universe.

https://github.com/ruby/rubygems/commit/23b9505131
---
 lib/rubygems/resolver.rb           | 31 ++++++++---------
 test/rubygems/test_gem_resolver.rb | 53 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 69 insertions(+), 15 deletions(-)

diff --git a/lib/rubygems/resolver.rb b/lib/rubygems/resolver.rb
index 1f63a7b17b5e23..224526116f5800 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/resolver.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/resolver.rb
@@ -106,7 +106,8 @@ def initialize(needed, set = nil)
     @packages = {}
 
     @all_specs = Hash.new {|h, name| h[name] = find_all_specs_for(name) }
-    @sorted_versions = Hash.new {|h, pkg| h[pkg] = @all_specs[pkg.to_s].map(&:version).uniq.sort }
+    @all_versions = Hash.new {|h, pkg| h[pkg] = @all_specs[pkg.to_s].map(&:version).uniq.sort }
+    @sorted_versions = Hash.new {|h, pkg| h[pkg] = filter_versions(pkg) }
     @cached_dependencies = Hash.new {|h, pkg| h[pkg] = Hash.new {|v, ver| v[ver] = compute_dependencies(pkg, ver) } }
   end
 
@@ -188,20 +189,7 @@ def resolve
   def all_versions_for(package)
     return [@root_version] if package == @root_package
 
-    all_versions = @sorted_versions[package]
-
-    # Exclude prerelease versions unless the set has prerelease enabled.
-    # Prereleases are still available via versions_for when a range
-    # specifically includes them (e.g., "= 2.a"), with low priority
-    # in the Strategy.
-    if @set.respond_to?(:prerelease) && @set.prerelease
-      versions = all_versions
-    else
-      stable = all_versions.reject(&:prerelease?)
-      versions = stable.empty? ? all_versions : stable
-    end
-
-    versions = versions.reverse # highest first
+    versions = @sorted_versions[package].reverse # highest first
     name = package.to_s
 
     if (skip_dep_gems = skip_gems[name]) && !skip_dep_gems.empty?
@@ -315,6 +303,19 @@ def package_for(name)
     @packages[name] ||= Gem::PubGrub::Package.new(name)
   end
 
+  # Filter versions to exclude prereleases unless prerelease is enabled.
+  # Both all_versions_for and versions_for use this filtered set to ensure
+  # PubGrub's constraint propagation and version selection are consistent.
+  def filter_versions(package)
+    all_versions = @all_versions[package]
+    if @set.respond_to?(:prerelease) && @set.prerelease
+      all_versions
+    else
+      stable = all_versions.reject(&:prerelease?)
+      stable.empty? ? all_versions : stable
+    end
+  end
+
   def find_all_specs_for(name)
     dep = Gem::Dependency.new(name, ">= 0.a")
     dep_request = DependencyRequest.new(dep, nil)
diff --git a/test/rubygems/test_gem_resolver.rb b/test/rubygems/test_gem_resolver.rb
index 8c032bf73a30c4..5cdf2fae3596a7 100644
--- a/test/rubygems/test_gem_resolver.rb
+++ b/test/rubygems/test_gem_resolver.rb
@@ -774,4 +774,57 @@ def test_raises_and_explains_when_platform_prevents_install
     assert_match "No match for 'a (= 1)' on this platform. Found: c-p-1",
                  e.message
   end
+
+  def test_resolve_prerelease_not_considered_when_stable_exists
+    # a-1.0 depends on b ~> 2.0 — only b-2.0.pre satisfies that, but
+    # b also has a stable version (1.0), so prereleases are filtered out.
+    # The resolver must fail, not silently use b-2.0.pre during propagation.
+    a_stable = util_spec "a", "1.0" do |s|
+      s.add_dependency "b", "~> 2.0"
+    end
+
+    b_stable = util_spec "b", "1.0"
+    b_pre = util_spec "b", "2.0.pre"
+
+    s = set(a_stable, b_stable, b_pre)
+
+    ad = make_dep "a"
+    r = Gem::Resolver.new([ad], s)
+
+    assert_raise Gem::DependencyResolutionError do
+      r.resolve
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_resolve_prerelease_considered_when_enabled
+    a_stable = util_spec "a", "1.0" do |s|
+      s.add_dependency "b", ">= 1.0"
+    end
+
+    b_pre = util_spec "b", "2.0.pre"
+
+    s = set(a_stable, b_pre)
+    s.prerelease = true
+
+    ad = make_dep "a"
+    r = Gem::Resolver.new([ad], s)
+
+    assert_resolves_to [a_stable, b_pre], r
+  end
+
+  def test_resolve_prerelease_used_when_no_stable_versions_exist
+    a_stable = util_spec "a", "1.0" do |s|
+      s.add_dependency "b", ">= 1.0"
+    end
+
+    b_pre = util_spec "b", "2.0.pre"
+    b_other_pre = util_spec "b", "1.0.pre"
+
+    s = set(a_stable, b_pre, b_other_pre)
+
+    ad = make_dep "a"
+    r = Gem::Resolver.new([ad], s)
+
+    assert_resolves_to [a_stable, b_pre], r
+  end
 end

From 87607bf6b57ac9d0a2b4b455653190f1c0106bdd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Colby Swandale <colby@rubygems.org>
Date: Sun, 12 Apr 2026 16:39:13 +1000
Subject: [PATCH 13/34] [ruby/rubygems] Remove unreachable spec_for string
 fallback

https://github.com/ruby/rubygems/commit/fa30c4d95e
---
 lib/rubygems/resolver.rb | 1 -
 1 file changed, 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/lib/rubygems/resolver.rb b/lib/rubygems/resolver.rb
index 224526116f5800..ae6dd2c65ab725 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/resolver.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/resolver.rb
@@ -338,7 +338,6 @@ def find_all_specs_for(name)
 
   def spec_for(name, version)
     candidates = @all_specs[name].select {|s| s.version == version }
-    candidates = @all_specs[name].select {|s| s.version.to_s == version.to_s } if candidates.empty?
 
     if candidates.length > 1
       # Prefer already-installed specs to avoid unnecessary downloads

From 270f7de108926d3cf558dc334b8f708d465f7e91 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Colby Swandale <colby@rubygems.org>
Date: Sun, 12 Apr 2026 16:50:25 +1000
Subject: [PATCH 14/34] [ruby/rubygems] Remove dead resolver methods

https://github.com/ruby/rubygems/commit/5fd0abb214
---
 lib/rubygems/resolver.rb | 38 --------------------------------------
 1 file changed, 38 deletions(-)

diff --git a/lib/rubygems/resolver.rb b/lib/rubygems/resolver.rb
index ae6dd2c65ab725..253e02659cd339 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/resolver.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/resolver.rb
@@ -111,24 +111,6 @@ def initialize(needed, set = nil)
     @cached_dependencies = Hash.new {|h, pkg| h[pkg] = Hash.new {|v, ver| v[ver] = compute_dependencies(pkg, ver) } }
   end
 
-  def explain(stage, *data) # :nodoc:
-    return unless DEBUG_RESOLVER
-
-    d = data.map(&:pretty_inspect).join(", ")
-    $stderr.printf "%10s %s\n", stage.to_s.upcase, d
-  end
-
-  def explain_list(stage) # :nodoc:
-    return unless DEBUG_RESOLVER
-
-    data = yield
-    $stderr.printf "%10s (%d entries)\n", stage.to_s.upcase, data.size
-    unless data.empty?
-      require "pp"
-      PP.pp data, $stderr
-    end
-  end
-
   ##
   # Proceed with resolution! Returns an array of ActivationRequest objects.
 
@@ -268,26 +250,6 @@ def incompatibilities_for(package, version)
     end
   end
 
-  ##
-  # Extracts the specifications that may be able to fulfill +dependency+ and
-  # returns those that match the local platform and all those that match.
-
-  def find_possible(dependency) # :nodoc:
-    all = @set.find_all dependency
-
-    if (skip_dep_gems = skip_gems[dependency.name]) && !skip_dep_gems.empty?
-      matching = all.select do |api_spec|
-        skip_dep_gems.any? {|s| api_spec.version == s.version }
-      end
-
-      all = matching unless matching.empty?
-    end
-
-    matching_platform = select_local_platforms all
-
-    [matching_platform, all]
-  end
-
   ##
   # Returns the gems in +specs+ that match the local platform.
 

From c7fc867b7af058e52811fa3ba77acb16f1e0b3f6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Colby Swandale <colby@rubygems.org>
Date: Mon, 13 Apr 2026 09:13:43 +1000
Subject: [PATCH 15/34] [ruby/rubygems] Define custom PubGrub Root Package to
 customise error

https://github.com/ruby/rubygems/commit/302e5c83a0
---
 lib/rubygems/resolver.rb           | 18 +++++++++++++++++-
 test/rubygems/test_gem_resolver.rb |  1 +
 2 files changed, 18 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/lib/rubygems/resolver.rb b/lib/rubygems/resolver.rb
index 253e02659cd339..4a04d41d932687 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/resolver.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/resolver.rb
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ def initialize(needed, set = nil)
     @skip_gems           = {}
     @soft_missing        = false
 
-    @root_package = Gem::PubGrub::Package.root
+    @root_package = RootPackage.new
     @root_version = Gem::PubGrub::Package.root_version
 
     @packages = {}
@@ -347,6 +347,22 @@ def compute_dependencies(package, version)
   def make_logger
     DEBUG_RESOLVER ? Gem::PubGrub::StderrLogger.new : Gem::PubGrub::NullLogger.new
   end
+
+  # Custom root package so error messages say "your request depends on..."
+  # instead of PubGrub's default "root depends on...".
+  class RootPackage < Gem::PubGrub::Package
+    def initialize
+      super(:root)
+    end
+
+    def root?
+      true
+    end
+
+    def to_s
+      "your request"
+    end
+  end
 end
 
 require_relative "resolver/activation_request"
diff --git a/test/rubygems/test_gem_resolver.rb b/test/rubygems/test_gem_resolver.rb
index 5cdf2fae3596a7..5869a1d75eb8c1 100644
--- a/test/rubygems/test_gem_resolver.rb
+++ b/test/rubygems/test_gem_resolver.rb
@@ -455,6 +455,7 @@ def test_raises_dependency_error
     end
 
     assert_nil e.conflict
+    assert_match(/your request/, e.message)
     assert_match(/a depends on c/, e.message)
     assert_match(/b depends on c/, e.message)
   end

From 91ee03fd6310b8cee8ea635547c1dc2be639f946 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Colby Swandale <colby@rubygems.org>
Date: Mon, 13 Apr 2026 09:41:28 +1000
Subject: [PATCH 16/34] [ruby/rubygems] Add extended explanations for platform
 and Ruby version hints

https://github.com/ruby/rubygems/commit/b3e24fd709
---
 lib/rubygems/resolver.rb                 | 82 +++++++++++++++++++++++-
 lib/rubygems/resolver/incompatibility.rb | 10 +++
 test/rubygems/test_gem_resolver.rb       | 43 +++++++++++++
 3 files changed, 133 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 lib/rubygems/resolver/incompatibility.rb

diff --git a/lib/rubygems/resolver.rb b/lib/rubygems/resolver.rb
index 4a04d41d932687..9147027d56dd05 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/resolver.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/resolver.rb
@@ -163,7 +163,13 @@ def resolve
       ActivationRequest.new(spec, dep_request)
     end
   rescue Gem::PubGrub::SolveFailure => e
-    raise Gem::DependencyResolutionError, e
+    extended = extract_extended_explanation(e.incompatibility)
+    if extended
+      message = "#{e.explanation}\n\n#{extended}"
+      raise Gem::DependencyResolutionError, Struct.new(:explanation).new(message)
+    else
+      raise Gem::DependencyResolutionError, e
+    end
   end
 
   # PubGrub source interface methods
@@ -198,7 +204,16 @@ def versions_for(package, range = Gem::PubGrub::VersionRange.any)
 
   def no_versions_incompatibility_for(_package, unsatisfied_term)
     cause = Gem::PubGrub::Incompatibility::NoVersions.new(unsatisfied_term)
-    Gem::PubGrub::Incompatibility.new([unsatisfied_term], cause: cause)
+
+    name = unsatisfied_term.package.to_s
+    constraint = unsatisfied_term.constraint
+    extended_explanation = build_extended_explanation(name, constraint)
+
+    Gem::Resolver::Incompatibility.new(
+      [unsatisfied_term],
+      cause: cause,
+      extended_explanation: extended_explanation
+    )
   end
 
   def incompatibilities_for(package, version)
@@ -344,6 +359,68 @@ def compute_dependencies(package, version)
     deps
   end
 
+  def build_extended_explanation(name, constraint)
+    dep = Gem::Dependency.new(name, ">= 0.a")
+    dep_request = DependencyRequest.new(dep, nil)
+    unfiltered = @set.find_all(dep_request)
+    return if unfiltered.empty?
+
+    filtered = @all_specs[name]
+    return if filtered.length == unfiltered.length
+
+    hints = []
+
+    # Check for specs that exist for other platforms
+    platform_specs = unfiltered.select do |s|
+      !Gem::Platform.installable?(s) && constraint.range.include?(s.version)
+    end
+    if platform_specs.any?
+      label = "#{name} (#{constraint.constraint_string})"
+      hints << "The source contains the following gems matching '#{label}':"
+      platform_specs.each do |s|
+        actual = s.respond_to?(:spec) ? s.spec : s
+        hints << "  * #{actual.full_name}"
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Check for specs filtered by Ruby version
+    installable = select_local_platforms(unfiltered)
+    ruby_specs = installable.select do |s|
+      actual = s.respond_to?(:spec) ? s.spec : s
+      constraint.range.include?(s.version) &&
+        !actual.required_ruby_version.satisfied_by?(Gem.ruby_version)
+    rescue StandardError
+      false
+    end
+    if ruby_specs.any?
+      versions = ruby_specs.map(&:version).uniq.sort.reverse.first(3)
+      sample = ruby_specs.find {|s| s.version == versions.first }
+      actual = sample.respond_to?(:spec) ? sample.spec : sample
+      ruby_req = actual.required_ruby_version
+      hints << "#{name} #{versions.join(", ")} requires Ruby #{ruby_req} (you have #{Gem.ruby_version})"
+    end
+
+    hints.empty? ? nil : hints.join("\n")
+  end
+
+  def extract_extended_explanation(incompatibility)
+    while incompatibility.cause.is_a?(Gem::PubGrub::Incompatibility::ConflictCause)
+      cause = incompatibility.cause
+
+      [cause.conflict, cause.other].each do |incompat|
+        if incompat.cause.is_a?(Gem::PubGrub::Incompatibility::NoVersions) &&
+            incompat.respond_to?(:extended_explanation) &&
+            incompat.extended_explanation
+          return incompat.extended_explanation
+        end
+      end
+
+      incompatibility = cause.conflict
+    end
+
+    nil
+  end
+
   def make_logger
     DEBUG_RESOLVER ? Gem::PubGrub::StderrLogger.new : Gem::PubGrub::NullLogger.new
   end
@@ -367,6 +444,7 @@ def to_s
 
 require_relative "resolver/activation_request"
 require_relative "resolver/dependency_request"
+require_relative "resolver/incompatibility"
 require_relative "resolver/requirement_list"
 require_relative "resolver/set"
 require_relative "resolver/api_set"
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/resolver/incompatibility.rb b/lib/rubygems/resolver/incompatibility.rb
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..57a60affb47392
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/rubygems/resolver/incompatibility.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+class Gem::Resolver::Incompatibility < Gem::PubGrub::Incompatibility
+  attr_reader :extended_explanation
+
+  def initialize(terms, cause:, custom_explanation: nil, extended_explanation: nil)
+    @extended_explanation = extended_explanation
+    super(terms, cause: cause, custom_explanation: custom_explanation)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/rubygems/test_gem_resolver.rb b/test/rubygems/test_gem_resolver.rb
index 5869a1d75eb8c1..e6edc7553e9cd2 100644
--- a/test/rubygems/test_gem_resolver.rb
+++ b/test/rubygems/test_gem_resolver.rb
@@ -828,4 +828,47 @@ def test_resolve_prerelease_used_when_no_stable_versions_exist
 
     assert_resolves_to [a_stable, b_pre], r
   end
+
+  def test_error_includes_platform_hint_when_specs_exist_for_other_platforms
+    a = util_spec "a", "1.0" do |s|
+      s.add_dependency "b", ">= 1.0"
+    end
+
+    b_foreign = util_spec "b", "1.0" do |s|
+      s.platform = "java"
+    end
+
+    s = set(a, b_foreign)
+
+    ad = make_dep "a"
+    r = Gem::Resolver.new([ad], s)
+
+    e = assert_raise Gem::DependencyResolutionError do
+      r.resolve
+    end
+
+    assert_match(/b-1.0-java/, e.message)
+  end
+
+  def test_error_includes_ruby_version_hint_when_filtered
+    a = util_spec "a", "1.0" do |s|
+      s.add_dependency "b", ">= 1.0"
+    end
+
+    b = util_spec "b", "1.0" do |s|
+      s.required_ruby_version = ">= 999.0"
+    end
+
+    s = set(a, b)
+
+    ad = make_dep "a"
+    r = Gem::Resolver.new([ad], s)
+
+    e = assert_raise Gem::DependencyResolutionError do
+      r.resolve
+    end
+
+    assert_match(/requires Ruby/, e.message)
+    assert_match(/you have/, e.message)
+  end
 end

From 56a402c0afd533dda80ca67f6bdc1fe318bd3fa4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Colby Swandale <colby@rubygems.org>
Date: Mon, 13 Apr 2026 09:50:18 +1000
Subject: [PATCH 17/34] [ruby/rubygems] Add custom inline explanation when gems
 are filtered from resolution

https://github.com/ruby/rubygems/commit/353ecaa178
---
 lib/rubygems/resolver.rb           | 5 +++++
 test/rubygems/test_gem_resolver.rb | 1 +
 2 files changed, 6 insertions(+)

diff --git a/lib/rubygems/resolver.rb b/lib/rubygems/resolver.rb
index 9147027d56dd05..15d023976505c5 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/resolver.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/resolver.rb
@@ -209,9 +209,14 @@ def no_versions_incompatibility_for(_package, unsatisfied_term)
     constraint = unsatisfied_term.constraint
     extended_explanation = build_extended_explanation(name, constraint)
 
+    custom_explanation = if extended_explanation
+      "#{constraint} could not be found in any repository"
+    end
+
     Gem::Resolver::Incompatibility.new(
       [unsatisfied_term],
       cause: cause,
+      custom_explanation: custom_explanation,
       extended_explanation: extended_explanation
     )
   end
diff --git a/test/rubygems/test_gem_resolver.rb b/test/rubygems/test_gem_resolver.rb
index e6edc7553e9cd2..d76738f92b2cb2 100644
--- a/test/rubygems/test_gem_resolver.rb
+++ b/test/rubygems/test_gem_resolver.rb
@@ -847,6 +847,7 @@ def test_error_includes_platform_hint_when_specs_exist_for_other_platforms
       r.resolve
     end
 
+    assert_match(/could not be found in any repository/, e.message)
     assert_match(/b-1.0-java/, e.message)
   end
 

From c7d6a21f5ba5c2fe145cf6bc6822b39399cd895b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Colby Swandale <colby@rubygems.org>
Date: Mon, 13 Apr 2026 10:37:56 +1000
Subject: [PATCH 18/34] [ruby/rubygems] Optimize PubGrub resolver performance

https://github.com/ruby/rubygems/commit/56738545e9
---
 lib/rubygems/resolver.rb                    |   8 +-
 lib/rubygems/resolver/strategy.rb           |  44 ++++++
 test/rubygems/test_gem_resolver_strategy.rb | 163 ++++++++++++++++++++
 3 files changed, 213 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 lib/rubygems/resolver/strategy.rb
 create mode 100644 test/rubygems/test_gem_resolver_strategy.rb

diff --git a/lib/rubygems/resolver.rb b/lib/rubygems/resolver.rb
index 15d023976505c5..01372c0cd27e0d 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/resolver.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/resolver.rb
@@ -109,6 +109,8 @@ def initialize(needed, set = nil)
     @all_versions = Hash.new {|h, pkg| h[pkg] = @all_specs[pkg.to_s].map(&:version).uniq.sort }
     @sorted_versions = Hash.new {|h, pkg| h[pkg] = filter_versions(pkg) }
     @cached_dependencies = Hash.new {|h, pkg| h[pkg] = Hash.new {|v, ver| v[ver] = compute_dependencies(pkg, ver) } }
+    @version_to_index = Hash.new {|h, pkg| h[pkg] = @sorted_versions[pkg].each_with_index.to_h }
+    @versions_for_cache = {}
   end
 
   ##
@@ -149,6 +151,7 @@ def resolve
     solver = Gem::PubGrub::VersionSolver.new(
       source: self,
       root: @root_package,
+      strategy: Gem::Resolver::Strategy.new(self, @root_package),
       logger: make_logger
     )
     result = solver.solve
@@ -199,7 +202,7 @@ def all_versions_for(package)
   end
 
   def versions_for(package, range = Gem::PubGrub::VersionRange.any)
-    range.select_versions(@sorted_versions[package])
+    @versions_for_cache[[package, range]] ||= range.select_versions(@sorted_versions[package])
   end
 
   def no_versions_incompatibility_for(_package, unsatisfied_term)
@@ -226,7 +229,7 @@ def incompatibilities_for(package, version)
     sorted_versions = @sorted_versions[package]
     package_deps[version].filter_map do |dep_package_name, dep_constraint|
       dep_package = dep_constraint.package
-      low = high = sorted_versions.index(version)
+      low = high = @version_to_index[package][version]
 
       # find version low such that all >= low share the same dep
       while low > 0 &&
@@ -450,6 +453,7 @@ def to_s
 require_relative "resolver/activation_request"
 require_relative "resolver/dependency_request"
 require_relative "resolver/incompatibility"
+require_relative "resolver/strategy"
 require_relative "resolver/requirement_list"
 require_relative "resolver/set"
 require_relative "resolver/api_set"
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/resolver/strategy.rb b/lib/rubygems/resolver/strategy.rb
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..1a1c16261906f5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/rubygems/resolver/strategy.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+# Custom PubGrub strategy with caching for version selection.
+# Modeled after Bundler's strategy to avoid redundant versions_for
+# calls during the solver's package selection loop.
+
+class Gem::Resolver::Strategy
+  def initialize(source, root_package)
+    @source = source
+    @package_priority_cache = {}
+
+    @version_indexes = Hash.new do |h, k|
+      if Gem::PubGrub::Package.root?(k)
+        h[k] = { Gem::PubGrub::Package.root_version => 0 }
+      else
+        h[k] = @source.all_versions_for(k).each.with_index.to_h
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def next_package_and_version(unsatisfied)
+    package, range = next_term_to_try_from(unsatisfied)
+    [package, most_preferred_version_of(package, range)]
+  end
+
+  private
+
+  def most_preferred_version_of(package, range)
+    versions = @source.versions_for(package, range)
+    indexes = @version_indexes[package]
+    versions.min_by {|version| indexes[version] || Float::INFINITY }
+  end
+
+  def next_term_to_try_from(unsatisfied)
+    unsatisfied.min_by do |package, range|
+      @package_priority_cache[[package, range]] ||= begin
+        matching_versions = @source.versions_for(package, range)
+        higher_versions = @source.versions_for(package, range.upper_invert)
+
+        [matching_versions.count <= 1 ? 0 : 1, higher_versions.count]
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/rubygems/test_gem_resolver_strategy.rb b/test/rubygems/test_gem_resolver_strategy.rb
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..f84e8b6fdaa312
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/rubygems/test_gem_resolver_strategy.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,163 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require_relative "helper"
+
+class TestGemResolverStrategy < Gem::TestCase
+  # Minimal source that implements the two methods Strategy calls:
+  #   all_versions_for(package) — returns versions in preference order
+  #   versions_for(package, range) — returns versions matching a range
+  #
+  # Tracks call counts so we can assert on caching behavior.
+  class StubSource
+    attr_reader :versions_for_calls
+
+    def initialize(versions_by_package)
+      @versions_by_package = versions_by_package
+      @versions_for_calls = 0
+    end
+
+    def all_versions_for(package)
+      @versions_by_package.fetch(package.to_s, [])
+    end
+
+    def versions_for(package, range)
+      @versions_for_calls += 1
+      all = @versions_by_package.fetch(package.to_s, [])
+      all.select {|v| range.include?(v) }
+    end
+  end
+
+  def v(version_string)
+    Gem::Version.new(version_string)
+  end
+
+  def make_package(name)
+    Gem::PubGrub::Package.new(name)
+  end
+
+  def make_range_any
+    Gem::PubGrub::VersionRange.any
+  end
+
+  # A range >= min (unbounded above)
+  def make_range_gte(version)
+    Gem::PubGrub::VersionRange.new(min: version, include_min: true)
+  end
+
+  # A range >= min AND < max
+  def make_range_between(min, max)
+    Gem::PubGrub::VersionRange.new(
+      min: min, max: max,
+      include_min: true, include_max: false
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_most_preferred_version_respects_all_versions_for_ordering
+    # all_versions_for returns [2.0, 1.0, 3.0] — so 2.0 is most preferred
+    # even though 3.0 is numerically highest.
+    pkg = make_package("a")
+    source = StubSource.new("a" => [v("2.0"), v("1.0"), v("3.0")])
+
+    strategy = Gem::Resolver::Strategy.new(source, Gem::PubGrub::Package.root)
+    unsatisfied = { pkg => make_range_any }
+
+    _package, version = strategy.next_package_and_version(unsatisfied)
+
+    assert_equal v("2.0"), version
+  end
+
+  def test_picks_most_constrained_package
+    # "a" has 3 matching versions, "b" has 1 matching version.
+    # Strategy should pick "b" because it's more constrained.
+    pkg_a = make_package("a")
+    pkg_b = make_package("b")
+
+    source = StubSource.new(
+      "a" => [v("3.0"), v("2.0"), v("1.0")],
+      "b" => [v("1.0")]
+    )
+
+    strategy = Gem::Resolver::Strategy.new(source, Gem::PubGrub::Package.root)
+
+    unsatisfied = {
+      pkg_a => make_range_any,
+      pkg_b => make_range_any,
+    }
+
+    package, _version = strategy.next_package_and_version(unsatisfied)
+
+    assert_equal pkg_b, package
+  end
+
+  def test_picks_package_with_fewer_higher_versions_as_tiebreaker
+    # Both "a" and "b" have 2 matching versions (so both get priority [1, ...]).
+    # "a" has matching [2.0, 1.0] with higher (above range) = [] (0 higher)
+    # "b" has matching [2.0, 1.0] with higher [3.0] (1 higher)
+    # Tiebreaker: fewer higher versions wins, so "a" is picked.
+    pkg_a = make_package("a")
+    pkg_b = make_package("b")
+
+    range = make_range_between(v("0.5"), v("2.5"))
+
+    source = StubSource.new(
+      "a" => [v("2.0"), v("1.0")],
+      "b" => [v("3.0"), v("2.0"), v("1.0")]
+    )
+
+    strategy = Gem::Resolver::Strategy.new(source, Gem::PubGrub::Package.root)
+
+    unsatisfied = {
+      pkg_a => range,
+      pkg_b => range,
+    }
+
+    package, _version = strategy.next_package_and_version(unsatisfied)
+
+    assert_equal pkg_a, package
+  end
+
+  def test_cache_prevents_redundant_versions_for_calls
+    pkg = make_package("a")
+    source = StubSource.new("a" => [v("2.0"), v("1.0")])
+
+    strategy = Gem::Resolver::Strategy.new(source, Gem::PubGrub::Package.root)
+
+    range = make_range_any
+    unsatisfied = { pkg => range }
+
+    # First call: should call versions_for for matching + upper_invert + most_preferred
+    strategy.next_package_and_version(unsatisfied)
+    calls_after_first = source.versions_for_calls
+
+    # Second call with same package+range: next_term_to_try_from should
+    # hit the cache, so only most_preferred_version_of adds a call.
+    strategy.next_package_and_version(unsatisfied)
+    calls_after_second = source.versions_for_calls
+
+    # The cached path saves the 2 calls in next_term_to_try_from,
+    # so only the 1 call from most_preferred_version_of is added.
+    assert_equal 1, calls_after_second - calls_after_first
+  end
+
+  def test_cache_is_keyed_by_package_and_range
+    pkg = make_package("a")
+    source = StubSource.new("a" => [v("3.0"), v("2.0"), v("1.0")])
+
+    strategy = Gem::Resolver::Strategy.new(source, Gem::PubGrub::Package.root)
+
+    range_any = make_range_any
+    range_gte = make_range_gte(v("2.0"))
+
+    # First call with range_any
+    strategy.next_package_and_version({ pkg => range_any })
+    calls_after_first = source.versions_for_calls
+
+    # Second call with different range — cache miss, so versions_for is called again
+    strategy.next_package_and_version({ pkg => range_gte })
+    calls_after_second = source.versions_for_calls
+
+    # A cache miss means 2 new versions_for calls (matching + upper_invert)
+    # plus 1 from most_preferred_version_of = 3 total new calls
+    assert_equal 3, calls_after_second - calls_after_first
+  end
+end

From f609e7e60a58e5b0d97b9c206b1f95170e679a14 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Colby Swandale <colby@rubygems.org>
Date: Mon, 13 Apr 2026 11:12:19 +1000
Subject: [PATCH 19/34] [ruby/rubygems] Skip self-dependencies in
 compute_dependencies

https://github.com/ruby/rubygems/commit/310263f948
---
 lib/rubygems/resolver.rb           |  1 +
 test/rubygems/test_gem_resolver.rb | 13 +++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 14 insertions(+)

diff --git a/lib/rubygems/resolver.rb b/lib/rubygems/resolver.rb
index 01372c0cd27e0d..6538a6c270f7a2 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/resolver.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/resolver.rb
@@ -349,6 +349,7 @@ def compute_dependencies(package, version)
 
     actual_spec = spec.respond_to?(:spec) ? spec.spec : spec
     actual_spec.dependencies.each do |d|
+      next if d.name == package.to_s
       next if d.type == :development && !@development
       next if d.type == :development && @development_shallow && !root_names.include?(package.to_s)
 
diff --git a/test/rubygems/test_gem_resolver.rb b/test/rubygems/test_gem_resolver.rb
index d76738f92b2cb2..b7d3aeda3f9047 100644
--- a/test/rubygems/test_gem_resolver.rb
+++ b/test/rubygems/test_gem_resolver.rb
@@ -872,4 +872,17 @@ def test_error_includes_ruby_version_hint_when_filtered
     assert_match(/requires Ruby/, e.message)
     assert_match(/you have/, e.message)
   end
+
+  def test_self_dependency_does_not_crash
+    a = util_spec "a", "1.0" do |s|
+      s.add_dependency "a"
+    end
+
+    s = set(a)
+    ad = make_dep "a"
+    r = Gem::Resolver.new([ad], s)
+
+    assert_resolves_to [a], r
+  end
+
 end

From 6b3ae73f1824dbfe573934750766561919a17974 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Colby Swandale <colby@rubygems.org>
Date: Mon, 13 Apr 2026 11:18:47 +1000
Subject: [PATCH 20/34] [ruby/rubygems] Use PubGrub's intended root dependency
 pattern

https://github.com/ruby/rubygems/commit/b70c071e98
---
 lib/rubygems/resolver.rb | 37 ++++++++++++++++++++-----------------
 1 file changed, 20 insertions(+), 17 deletions(-)

diff --git a/lib/rubygems/resolver.rb b/lib/rubygems/resolver.rb
index 6538a6c270f7a2..7ddffb3901a405 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/resolver.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/resolver.rb
@@ -107,8 +107,16 @@ def initialize(needed, set = nil)
 
     @all_specs = Hash.new {|h, name| h[name] = find_all_specs_for(name) }
     @all_versions = Hash.new {|h, pkg| h[pkg] = @all_specs[pkg.to_s].map(&:version).uniq.sort }
-    @sorted_versions = Hash.new {|h, pkg| h[pkg] = filter_versions(pkg) }
-    @cached_dependencies = Hash.new {|h, pkg| h[pkg] = Hash.new {|v, ver| v[ver] = compute_dependencies(pkg, ver) } }
+    @sorted_versions = Hash.new do |h, pkg|
+      h[pkg] = Gem::PubGrub::Package.root?(pkg) ? [@root_version] : filter_versions(pkg)
+    end
+    @cached_dependencies = Hash.new do |h, pkg|
+      h[pkg] = if Gem::PubGrub::Package.root?(pkg)
+        { @root_version => root_dependencies }
+      else
+        Hash.new {|v, ver| v[ver] = compute_dependencies(pkg, ver) }
+      end
+    end
     @version_to_index = Hash.new {|h, pkg| h[pkg] = @sorted_versions[pkg].each_with_index.to_h }
     @versions_for_cache = {}
   end
@@ -137,17 +145,6 @@ def resolve
       raise exc
     end
 
-    # Build root deps from @needed
-    root_deps = {}
-    @needed.each do |dep|
-      range = Gem::PubGrub::RubyGems.requirement_to_range(dep.requirement)
-      constraint = Gem::PubGrub::VersionConstraint.new(package_for(dep.name), range: range)
-      root_deps[dep.name] = root_deps.key?(dep.name) ? root_deps[dep.name].intersect(constraint) : constraint
-    end
-
-    @sorted_versions[@root_package] = [@root_version]
-    @cached_dependencies[@root_package] = { @root_version => root_deps }
-
     solver = Gem::PubGrub::VersionSolver.new(
       source: self,
       root: @root_package,
@@ -178,8 +175,6 @@ def resolve
   # PubGrub source interface methods
 
   def all_versions_for(package)
-    return [@root_version] if package == @root_package
-
     versions = @sorted_versions[package].reverse # highest first
     name = package.to_s
 
@@ -291,6 +286,16 @@ def package_for(name)
   # Filter versions to exclude prereleases unless prerelease is enabled.
   # Both all_versions_for and versions_for use this filtered set to ensure
   # PubGrub's constraint propagation and version selection are consistent.
+  def root_dependencies
+    deps = {}
+    @needed.each do |dep|
+      range = Gem::PubGrub::RubyGems.requirement_to_range(dep.requirement)
+      constraint = Gem::PubGrub::VersionConstraint.new(package_for(dep.name), range: range)
+      deps[dep.name] = deps.key?(dep.name) ? deps[dep.name].intersect(constraint) : constraint
+    end
+    deps
+  end
+
   def filter_versions(package)
     all_versions = @all_versions[package]
     if @set.respond_to?(:prerelease) && @set.prerelease
@@ -338,8 +343,6 @@ def spec_for(name, version)
   end
 
   def compute_dependencies(package, version)
-    return {} if package == @root_package
-
     spec = spec_for(package.to_s, version)
     return {} unless spec
     return {} if @ignore_dependencies

From a687a6b954184b7786e6f4e372a2de211d82a77f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Colby Swandale <colby@rubygems.org>
Date: Mon, 13 Apr 2026 11:27:20 +1000
Subject: [PATCH 21/34] [ruby/rubygems] Fetch development dependencies for
 API-sourced specs

https://github.com/ruby/rubygems/commit/aa9d86ee22
---
 lib/rubygems/resolver.rb | 2 ++
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+)

diff --git a/lib/rubygems/resolver.rb b/lib/rubygems/resolver.rb
index 7ddffb3901a405..9fd1cd0f357467 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/resolver.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/resolver.rb
@@ -347,6 +347,8 @@ def compute_dependencies(package, version)
     return {} unless spec
     return {} if @ignore_dependencies
 
+    spec.fetch_development_dependencies if @development && spec.respond_to?(:fetch_development_dependencies)
+
     deps = {}
     root_names = @needed.map(&:name)
 

From 43128a82773b5db719c407c376ad365de64b15dc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Colby Swandale <colby@rubygems.org>
Date: Mon, 13 Apr 2026 11:40:13 +1000
Subject: [PATCH 22/34] [ruby/rubygems] Align incompatibilities_for with
 BasicPackageSource design

https://github.com/ruby/rubygems/commit/390d035339
---
 lib/rubygems/resolver.rb | 11 +++++------
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/lib/rubygems/resolver.rb b/lib/rubygems/resolver.rb
index 9fd1cd0f357467..f96d794eefcaa5 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/resolver.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/resolver.rb
@@ -224,6 +224,7 @@ def incompatibilities_for(package, version)
     sorted_versions = @sorted_versions[package]
     package_deps[version].filter_map do |dep_package_name, dep_constraint|
       dep_package = dep_constraint.package
+
       low = high = @version_to_index[package][version]
 
       # find version low such that all >= low share the same dep
@@ -255,10 +256,10 @@ def incompatibilities_for(package, version)
 
       if dep_constraint.range.empty?
         cause = Gem::PubGrub::Incompatibility::InvalidDependency.new(dep_package, dep_constraint)
-        next Gem::PubGrub::Incompatibility.new(
+        return [Gem::PubGrub::Incompatibility.new(
           [Gem::PubGrub::Term.new(self_constraint, true)],
           cause: cause
-        )
+        )]
       end
 
       Gem::PubGrub::Incompatibility.new(
@@ -289,8 +290,7 @@ def package_for(name)
   def root_dependencies
     deps = {}
     @needed.each do |dep|
-      range = Gem::PubGrub::RubyGems.requirement_to_range(dep.requirement)
-      constraint = Gem::PubGrub::VersionConstraint.new(package_for(dep.name), range: range)
+      constraint = Gem::PubGrub::RubyGems.requirement_to_constraint(package_for(dep.name), dep.requirement)
       deps[dep.name] = deps.key?(dep.name) ? deps[dep.name].intersect(constraint) : constraint
     end
     deps
@@ -366,8 +366,7 @@ def compute_dependencies(package, version)
         next
       end
 
-      range = Gem::PubGrub::RubyGems.requirement_to_range(d.requirement)
-      deps[d.name] = Gem::PubGrub::VersionConstraint.new(dep_package, range: range)
+      deps[d.name] = Gem::PubGrub::RubyGems.requirement_to_constraint(dep_package, d.requirement)
     end
 
     deps

From d6a233c5d30385c2cb6f5972233f0428f8d0627f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Colby Swandale <colby@rubygems.org>
Date: Mon, 13 Apr 2026 11:44:38 +1000
Subject: [PATCH 23/34] [ruby/rubygems] Distinguish unknown packages from
 filtered packages in error messages

https://github.com/ruby/rubygems/commit/638af500a2
---
 lib/rubygems/resolver.rb           | 32 +++++++++++++++++++++---------
 test/rubygems/test_gem_resolver.rb |  3 +--
 2 files changed, 24 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-)

diff --git a/lib/rubygems/resolver.rb b/lib/rubygems/resolver.rb
index f96d794eefcaa5..eeda6ec30e5bef 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/resolver.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/resolver.rb
@@ -105,7 +105,8 @@ def initialize(needed, set = nil)
 
     @packages = {}
 
-    @all_specs = Hash.new {|h, name| h[name] = find_all_specs_for(name) }
+    @unfiltered_specs = Hash.new {|h, name| h[name] = find_unfiltered_specs_for(name) }
+    @all_specs = Hash.new {|h, name| h[name] = filter_specs(@unfiltered_specs[name]) }
     @all_versions = Hash.new {|h, pkg| h[pkg] = @all_specs[pkg.to_s].map(&:version).uniq.sort }
     @sorted_versions = Hash.new do |h, pkg|
       h[pkg] = Gem::PubGrub::Package.root?(pkg) ? [@root_version] : filter_versions(pkg)
@@ -225,6 +226,19 @@ def incompatibilities_for(package, version)
     package_deps[version].filter_map do |dep_package_name, dep_constraint|
       dep_package = dep_constraint.package
 
+      # If no specs exist at all for this dependency (not even for other
+      # platforms or Ruby versions), mark this version as invalid.
+      # When specs exist but were filtered out, let PubGrub discover it
+      # via NoVersions so platform/ruby hints are generated.
+      if @unfiltered_specs[dep_package_name].empty?
+        self_constraint = Gem::PubGrub::VersionConstraint.new(package, range: Gem::PubGrub::VersionRange.any)
+        cause = Gem::PubGrub::Incompatibility::InvalidDependency.new(dep_package, dep_constraint)
+        return [Gem::PubGrub::Incompatibility.new(
+          [Gem::PubGrub::Term.new(self_constraint, true)],
+          cause: cause
+        )]
+      end
+
       low = high = @version_to_index[package][version]
 
       # find version low such that all >= low share the same dep
@@ -306,15 +320,17 @@ def filter_versions(package)
     end
   end
 
-  def find_all_specs_for(name)
+  def find_unfiltered_specs_for(name)
     dep = Gem::Dependency.new(name, ">= 0.a")
     dep_request = DependencyRequest.new(dep, nil)
-    all = @set.find_all(dep_request)
+    @set.find_all(dep_request)
+  end
 
-    specs = select_local_platforms(all)
+  def filter_specs(specs)
+    filtered = select_local_platforms(specs)
 
     unless @soft_missing
-      specs = specs.select do |s|
+      filtered = filtered.select do |s|
         actual = s.respond_to?(:spec) ? s.spec : s
         actual.required_ruby_version.satisfied_by?(Gem.ruby_version) &&
           actual.required_rubygems_version.satisfied_by?(Gem.rubygems_version)
@@ -323,7 +339,7 @@ def find_all_specs_for(name)
       end
     end
 
-    specs
+    filtered
   end
 
   def spec_for(name, version)
@@ -373,9 +389,7 @@ def compute_dependencies(package, version)
   end
 
   def build_extended_explanation(name, constraint)
-    dep = Gem::Dependency.new(name, ">= 0.a")
-    dep_request = DependencyRequest.new(dep, nil)
-    unfiltered = @set.find_all(dep_request)
+    unfiltered = @unfiltered_specs[name]
     return if unfiltered.empty?
 
     filtered = @all_specs[name]
diff --git a/test/rubygems/test_gem_resolver.rb b/test/rubygems/test_gem_resolver.rb
index b7d3aeda3f9047..85ebd8fabe105b 100644
--- a/test/rubygems/test_gem_resolver.rb
+++ b/test/rubygems/test_gem_resolver.rb
@@ -516,8 +516,7 @@ def test_raises_and_reports_an_implicit_request_properly
       r.resolve
     end
 
-    assert_match(/depends on b/, e.message)
-    assert_match(/no versions satisfy b/, e.message)
+    assert_match(/depends on unknown package b/, e.message)
   end
 
   def test_raises_when_possibles_are_exhausted

From ffde879a64d04aa6ee41eef0d3859ba639ba03ad Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Colby Swandale <colby@rubygems.org>
Date: Mon, 13 Apr 2026 12:01:02 +1000
Subject: [PATCH 24/34] [ruby/rubygems] Improve error messages for
 contradictory requirements and prereleases

https://github.com/ruby/rubygems/commit/4d131aa532
---
 lib/rubygems/resolver.rb           | 34 +++++++++++++++----
 test/rubygems/test_gem_resolver.rb | 54 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 82 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/lib/rubygems/resolver.rb b/lib/rubygems/resolver.rb
index eeda6ec30e5bef..39873ebd89dfa1 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/resolver.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/resolver.rb
@@ -269,11 +269,20 @@ def incompatibilities_for(package, version)
       self_constraint = Gem::PubGrub::VersionConstraint.new(package, range: range)
 
       if dep_constraint.range.empty?
-        cause = Gem::PubGrub::Incompatibility::InvalidDependency.new(dep_package, dep_constraint)
-        return [Gem::PubGrub::Incompatibility.new(
-          [Gem::PubGrub::Term.new(self_constraint, true)],
-          cause: cause
-        )]
+        if @unfiltered_specs[dep_package_name].any?
+          # Package exists but requirement is self-contradictory
+          return [Gem::Resolver::Incompatibility.new(
+            [Gem::PubGrub::Term.new(self_constraint, true)],
+            cause: Gem::PubGrub::Incompatibility::NoVersions.new(dep_constraint),
+            custom_explanation: "#{dep_package_name} cannot satisfy contradictory requirements #{dep_constraint.constraint_string}"
+          )]
+        else
+          cause = Gem::PubGrub::Incompatibility::InvalidDependency.new(dep_package, dep_constraint)
+          return [Gem::PubGrub::Incompatibility.new(
+            [Gem::PubGrub::Term.new(self_constraint, true)],
+            cause: cause
+          )]
+        end
       end
 
       Gem::PubGrub::Incompatibility.new(
@@ -393,7 +402,10 @@ def build_extended_explanation(name, constraint)
     return if unfiltered.empty?
 
     filtered = @all_specs[name]
-    return if filtered.length == unfiltered.length
+    pkg = package_for(name)
+    has_prerelease_filtering = @all_versions[pkg].length > @sorted_versions[pkg].length
+
+    return if filtered.length == unfiltered.length && !has_prerelease_filtering
 
     hints = []
 
@@ -427,6 +439,16 @@ def build_extended_explanation(name, constraint)
       hints << "#{name} #{versions.join(", ")} requires Ruby #{ruby_req} (you have #{Gem.ruby_version})"
     end
 
+    # Check for specs filtered by prerelease status
+    unless @set.respond_to?(:prerelease) && @set.prerelease
+      pkg = package_for(name)
+      prerelease_versions = @all_versions[pkg].select(&:prerelease?) - @sorted_versions[pkg]
+      if prerelease_versions.any?
+        versions = prerelease_versions.sort.reverse.first(3) # limit to avoid cluttering error output
+        hints << "#{name} #{versions.join(", ")} are pre-release versions. Use --prerelease to allow pre-release gems."
+      end
+    end
+
     hints.empty? ? nil : hints.join("\n")
   end
 
diff --git a/test/rubygems/test_gem_resolver.rb b/test/rubygems/test_gem_resolver.rb
index 85ebd8fabe105b..384d8ca40327ca 100644
--- a/test/rubygems/test_gem_resolver.rb
+++ b/test/rubygems/test_gem_resolver.rb
@@ -884,4 +884,58 @@ def test_self_dependency_does_not_crash
     assert_resolves_to [a], r
   end
 
+  def test_contradictory_root_requirements_give_clear_error
+    a1 = util_spec "a", "1"
+    a2 = util_spec "a", "2"
+
+    s = set(a1, a2)
+    r = Gem::Resolver.new([make_dep("a", "= 1"), make_dep("a", "= 2")], s)
+
+    e = assert_raise Gem::DependencyResolutionError do
+      r.resolve
+    end
+
+    assert_match(/contradictory/, e.message)
+    refute_match(/unknown package/, e.message)
+  end
+
+  def test_empty_range_transitive_dep_does_not_say_unknown
+    a = util_spec "a", "1.0" do |s|
+      s.add_dependency "b", "> 2", "< 1"
+    end
+
+    b = util_spec "b", "1.5"
+
+    s = set(a, b)
+    ad = make_dep "a"
+    r = Gem::Resolver.new([ad], s)
+
+    e = assert_raise Gem::DependencyResolutionError do
+      r.resolve
+    end
+
+    assert_match(/contradictory/, e.message)
+    refute_match(/unknown package/, e.message)
+  end
+
+  def test_error_hints_about_prerelease_when_filtered
+    a = util_spec "a", "1.0" do |s|
+      s.add_dependency "b", "~> 2.0"
+    end
+
+    b_stable = util_spec "b", "1.0"
+    b_pre = util_spec "b", "2.0.pre"
+
+    s = set(a, b_stable, b_pre)
+    ad = make_dep "a"
+    r = Gem::Resolver.new([ad], s)
+
+    e = assert_raise Gem::DependencyResolutionError do
+      r.resolve
+    end
+
+    assert_match(/pre-release/, e.message)
+    assert_match(/--prerelease/, e.message)
+  end
+
 end

From 488ac14e0ebd48260ba79c2ae685847bd9497827 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Colby Swandale <colby@rubygems.org>
Date: Mon, 13 Apr 2026 12:29:11 +1000
Subject: [PATCH 25/34] [ruby/rubygems] Fix --force to skip unsatisfiable
 version constraints

https://github.com/ruby/rubygems/commit/24c69d4769
---
 lib/rubygems/resolver.rb                      | 10 +++++----
 .../rubygems/test_gem_dependency_installer.rb | 22 +++++++++++++++++--
 test/rubygems/test_gem_resolver.rb            | 17 ++++++++++++++
 3 files changed, 43 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/lib/rubygems/resolver.rb b/lib/rubygems/resolver.rb
index 39873ebd89dfa1..da2413befb27e7 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/resolver.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/resolver.rb
@@ -385,10 +385,12 @@ def compute_dependencies(package, version)
 
       dep_package = package_for(d.name)
 
-      # Check if the dependency has any available versions
-      dep_specs = @all_specs[d.name]
-      if dep_specs.empty? && @soft_missing
-        next
+      # In force mode, skip deps that can't be satisfied — either no
+      # specs at all, or no specs matching the version requirement.
+      if @soft_missing
+        dep_specs = @all_specs[d.name]
+        matching = dep_specs.select {|s| d.requirement.satisfied_by?(s.version) }
+        next if matching.empty?
       end
 
       deps[d.name] = Gem::PubGrub::RubyGems.requirement_to_constraint(dep_package, d.requirement)
diff --git a/test/rubygems/test_gem_dependency_installer.rb b/test/rubygems/test_gem_dependency_installer.rb
index bb52df4271fee6..e4da6cabd56f50 100644
--- a/test/rubygems/test_gem_dependency_installer.rb
+++ b/test/rubygems/test_gem_dependency_installer.rb
@@ -688,6 +688,25 @@ def test_install_force
     assert_equal %w[b-1], inst.installed_gems.map(&:full_name)
   end
 
+  def test_install_force_with_unsatisfiable_dep
+    # foo depends on bar >= 2.0, but only bar-1.0 exists.
+    # With --force, the unsatisfiable dep should be skipped.
+    _, foo_gem = util_gem "foo", "1" do |s|
+      s.add_dependency "bar", ">= 2.0"
+    end
+
+    util_setup_spec_fetcher(util_spec("bar", "1.0"))
+    FileUtils.mv foo_gem, @tempdir
+    inst = nil
+
+    Dir.chdir @tempdir do
+      inst = Gem::DependencyInstaller.new force: true
+      inst.install "foo"
+    end
+
+    assert_equal %w[foo-1], inst.installed_gems.map(&:full_name)
+  end
+
   def test_install_build_args
     util_setup_gems
 
@@ -798,8 +817,7 @@ def test_install_domain_local
         inst.install "b"
       end
 
-      assert_match(/depends on a/, e.message)
-      assert_match(/no versions satisfy a/, e.message)
+      assert_match(/depends on unknown package a/, e.message)
     end
 
     assert_equal [], inst.installed_gems.map(&:full_name)
diff --git a/test/rubygems/test_gem_resolver.rb b/test/rubygems/test_gem_resolver.rb
index 384d8ca40327ca..18a0551448033a 100644
--- a/test/rubygems/test_gem_resolver.rb
+++ b/test/rubygems/test_gem_resolver.rb
@@ -938,4 +938,21 @@ def test_error_hints_about_prerelease_when_filtered
     assert_match(/--prerelease/, e.message)
   end
 
+  def test_soft_missing_skips_dep_with_wrong_version
+    a = util_spec "a", "1.0" do |s|
+      s.add_dependency "b", ">= 2.0"
+    end
+
+    b = util_spec "b", "1.0"
+
+    s = set(a, b)
+    ad = make_dep "a"
+    r = Gem::Resolver.new([ad], s)
+    r.soft_missing = true
+
+    # b exists but only 1.0, which doesn't satisfy >= 2.0.
+    # With soft_missing (--force), the dep should be skipped.
+    assert_resolves_to [a], r
+  end
+
 end

From 759acb779390185e6840c4ab6c64c137d952fde0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Colby Swandale <colby@rubygems.org>
Date: Mon, 20 Apr 2026 15:27:30 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 26/34] [ruby/rubygems] Resolve issue with pre-release root
 dependencies being filtered incorrectly

https://github.com/ruby/rubygems/commit/4c280ac057
---
 lib/rubygems/resolver.rb                    | 16 ++++++++++++----
 test/rubygems/test_gem_resolver.rb          | 19 +++++++++++++++++--
 test/rubygems/test_gem_resolver_strategy.rb |  8 ++++----
 3 files changed, 33 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-)

diff --git a/lib/rubygems/resolver.rb b/lib/rubygems/resolver.rb
index da2413befb27e7..67941b62cf1daa 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/resolver.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/resolver.rb
@@ -321,7 +321,7 @@ def root_dependencies
 
   def filter_versions(package)
     all_versions = @all_versions[package]
-    if @set.respond_to?(:prerelease) && @set.prerelease
+    if (@set.respond_to?(:prerelease) && @set.prerelease) || root_requires_prerelease?(package)
       all_versions
     else
       stable = all_versions.reject(&:prerelease?)
@@ -329,6 +329,14 @@ def filter_versions(package)
     end
   end
 
+  # Root deps with an explicit prerelease requirement (e.g. `= 4.1.0.dev`)
+  # must keep their prerelease versions in the filtered set; otherwise
+  # PubGrub cannot match them even though `@set.find_all` returned them.
+  def root_requires_prerelease?(package)
+    name = package.to_s
+    @needed.any? {|dep| dep.name == name && dep.requirement.prerelease? }
+  end
+
   def find_unfiltered_specs_for(name)
     dep = Gem::Dependency.new(name, ">= 0.a")
     dep_request = DependencyRequest.new(dep, nil)
@@ -385,7 +393,7 @@ def compute_dependencies(package, version)
 
       dep_package = package_for(d.name)
 
-      # In force mode, skip deps that can't be satisfied — either no
+      # In force mode, skip deps that can't be satisfied - either no
       # specs at all, or no specs matching the version requirement.
       if @soft_missing
         dep_specs = @all_specs[d.name]
@@ -460,8 +468,8 @@ def extract_extended_explanation(incompatibility)
 
       [cause.conflict, cause.other].each do |incompat|
         if incompat.cause.is_a?(Gem::PubGrub::Incompatibility::NoVersions) &&
-            incompat.respond_to?(:extended_explanation) &&
-            incompat.extended_explanation
+           incompat.respond_to?(:extended_explanation) &&
+           incompat.extended_explanation
           return incompat.extended_explanation
         end
       end
diff --git a/test/rubygems/test_gem_resolver.rb b/test/rubygems/test_gem_resolver.rb
index 18a0551448033a..18433c5e0f0739 100644
--- a/test/rubygems/test_gem_resolver.rb
+++ b/test/rubygems/test_gem_resolver.rb
@@ -776,7 +776,7 @@ def test_raises_and_explains_when_platform_prevents_install
   end
 
   def test_resolve_prerelease_not_considered_when_stable_exists
-    # a-1.0 depends on b ~> 2.0 — only b-2.0.pre satisfies that, but
+    # a-1.0 depends on b ~> 2.0 - only b-2.0.pre satisfies that, but
     # b also has a stable version (1.0), so prereleases are filtered out.
     # The resolver must fail, not silently use b-2.0.pre during propagation.
     a_stable = util_spec "a", "1.0" do |s|
@@ -828,6 +828,22 @@ def test_resolve_prerelease_used_when_no_stable_versions_exist
     assert_resolves_to [a_stable, b_pre], r
   end
 
+  def test_resolve_prerelease_required_by_exact_requirement
+    # A root dep with an exact prerelease version must resolve to that
+    # version even when stable versions of the same gem are in the set.
+    # Gem.finish_resolve hits this: it imports loaded_specs as exact-version
+    # deps, so the currently-activated prerelease bundler becomes a root dep.
+    a_stable = util_spec "a", "1.0"
+    a_pre = util_spec "a", "2.0.pre"
+
+    s = set(a_stable, a_pre)
+
+    ad = make_dep "a", "= 2.0.pre"
+    r = Gem::Resolver.new([ad], s)
+
+    assert_resolves_to [a_pre], r
+  end
+
   def test_error_includes_platform_hint_when_specs_exist_for_other_platforms
     a = util_spec "a", "1.0" do |s|
       s.add_dependency "b", ">= 1.0"
@@ -954,5 +970,4 @@ def test_soft_missing_skips_dep_with_wrong_version
     # With soft_missing (--force), the dep should be skipped.
     assert_resolves_to [a], r
   end
-
 end
diff --git a/test/rubygems/test_gem_resolver_strategy.rb b/test/rubygems/test_gem_resolver_strategy.rb
index f84e8b6fdaa312..b8c6c86adfe321 100644
--- a/test/rubygems/test_gem_resolver_strategy.rb
+++ b/test/rubygems/test_gem_resolver_strategy.rb
@@ -4,8 +4,8 @@
 
 class TestGemResolverStrategy < Gem::TestCase
   # Minimal source that implements the two methods Strategy calls:
-  #   all_versions_for(package) — returns versions in preference order
-  #   versions_for(package, range) — returns versions matching a range
+  #   all_versions_for(package) - returns versions in preference order
+  #   versions_for(package, range) - returns versions matching a range
   #
   # Tracks call counts so we can assert on caching behavior.
   class StubSource
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ def make_range_between(min, max)
   end
 
   def test_most_preferred_version_respects_all_versions_for_ordering
-    # all_versions_for returns [2.0, 1.0, 3.0] — so 2.0 is most preferred
+    # all_versions_for returns [2.0, 1.0, 3.0] - so 2.0 is most preferred
     # even though 3.0 is numerically highest.
     pkg = make_package("a")
     source = StubSource.new("a" => [v("2.0"), v("1.0"), v("3.0")])
@@ -152,7 +152,7 @@ def test_cache_is_keyed_by_package_and_range
     strategy.next_package_and_version({ pkg => range_any })
     calls_after_first = source.versions_for_calls
 
-    # Second call with different range — cache miss, so versions_for is called again
+    # Second call with different range - cache miss, so versions_for is called again
     strategy.next_package_and_version({ pkg => range_gte })
     calls_after_second = source.versions_for_calls
 

From a56f5b463582a92b5b4924f53a1c0229f04c43e4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Colby Swandale <colby@rubygems.org>
Date: Mon, 20 Apr 2026 23:56:35 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 27/34] [ruby/rubygems] Fix transitive prerelease filtering and
 clean up resolver internals

https://github.com/ruby/rubygems/commit/a920da05ce
---
 lib/rubygems/resolver.rb                    | 70 +++++++++++----------
 lib/rubygems/resolver/strategy.rb           |  2 +-
 test/rubygems/test_gem_resolver.rb          | 21 +++++++
 test/rubygems/test_gem_resolver_strategy.rb | 10 +--
 4 files changed, 64 insertions(+), 39 deletions(-)

diff --git a/lib/rubygems/resolver.rb b/lib/rubygems/resolver.rb
index 67941b62cf1daa..bf75733d6bf640 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/resolver.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/resolver.rb
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ def initialize(needed, set = nil)
     @all_specs = Hash.new {|h, name| h[name] = filter_specs(@unfiltered_specs[name]) }
     @all_versions = Hash.new {|h, pkg| h[pkg] = @all_specs[pkg.to_s].map(&:version).uniq.sort }
     @sorted_versions = Hash.new do |h, pkg|
-      h[pkg] = Gem::PubGrub::Package.root?(pkg) ? [@root_version] : filter_versions(pkg)
+      h[pkg] = Gem::PubGrub::Package.root?(pkg) ? [@root_version] : @all_versions[pkg]
     end
     @cached_dependencies = Hash.new do |h, pkg|
       h[pkg] = if Gem::PubGrub::Package.root?(pkg)
@@ -133,14 +133,8 @@ def resolve
       all = @set.find_all(dep_request)
       matching = select_local_platforms(all)
 
-      if matching.empty?
-        exc = Gem::UnsatisfiableDependencyError.new(dep_request, all)
-        exc.errors = @set.errors
-        raise exc
-      end
+      next unless matching.empty?
 
-      specs_matching_requirement = matching.select {|s| dep.requirement.satisfied_by?(s.version) }
-      next unless specs_matching_requirement.empty?
       exc = Gem::UnsatisfiableDependencyError.new(dep_request, all)
       exc.errors = @set.errors
       raise exc
@@ -149,7 +143,7 @@ def resolve
     solver = Gem::PubGrub::VersionSolver.new(
       source: self,
       root: @root_package,
-      strategy: Gem::Resolver::Strategy.new(self, @root_package),
+      strategy: Gem::Resolver::Strategy.new(self),
       logger: make_logger
     )
     result = solver.solve
@@ -198,7 +192,21 @@ def all_versions_for(package)
   end
 
   def versions_for(package, range = Gem::PubGrub::VersionRange.any)
-    @versions_for_cache[[package, range]] ||= range.select_versions(@sorted_versions[package])
+    @versions_for_cache[[package, range]] ||= begin
+      candidates = range.select_versions(@sorted_versions[package])
+
+      if Gem::PubGrub::Package.root?(package) ||
+         (@set.respond_to?(:prerelease) && @set.prerelease) ||
+         range_admits_prerelease?(range)
+        candidates
+      elsif @all_versions[package].any? {|v| !v.prerelease? }
+        candidates.reject(&:prerelease?)
+      else
+        # Only prereleases exist for this gem; fall back to them so
+        # dependencies like `>= 1.0` can still be satisfied.
+        candidates
+      end
+    end
   end
 
   def no_versions_incompatibility_for(_package, unsatisfied_term)
@@ -307,9 +315,6 @@ def package_for(name)
     @packages[name] ||= Gem::PubGrub::Package.new(name)
   end
 
-  # Filter versions to exclude prereleases unless prerelease is enabled.
-  # Both all_versions_for and versions_for use this filtered set to ensure
-  # PubGrub's constraint propagation and version selection are consistent.
   def root_dependencies
     deps = {}
     @needed.each do |dep|
@@ -319,24 +324,16 @@ def root_dependencies
     deps
   end
 
-  def filter_versions(package)
-    all_versions = @all_versions[package]
-    if (@set.respond_to?(:prerelease) && @set.prerelease) || root_requires_prerelease?(package)
-      all_versions
-    else
-      stable = all_versions.reject(&:prerelease?)
-      stable.empty? ? all_versions : stable
+  # Only the min bound is inspected: `~>` synthesises a max like `X.A`
+  # whose suffix looks prerelease to Gem::Version but is not the user's
+  # intent, so checking max would mis-admit prereleases for every `~>`.
+  def range_admits_prerelease?(range)
+    range.ranges.any? do |r|
+      next false if r.empty?
+      r.min&.prerelease?
     end
   end
 
-  # Root deps with an explicit prerelease requirement (e.g. `= 4.1.0.dev`)
-  # must keep their prerelease versions in the filtered set; otherwise
-  # PubGrub cannot match them even though `@set.find_all` returned them.
-  def root_requires_prerelease?(package)
-    name = package.to_s
-    @needed.any? {|dep| dep.name == name && dep.requirement.prerelease? }
-  end
-
   def find_unfiltered_specs_for(name)
     dep = Gem::Dependency.new(name, ">= 0.a")
     dep_request = DependencyRequest.new(dep, nil)
@@ -413,9 +410,17 @@ def build_extended_explanation(name, constraint)
 
     filtered = @all_specs[name]
     pkg = package_for(name)
-    has_prerelease_filtering = @all_versions[pkg].length > @sorted_versions[pkg].length
 
-    return if filtered.length == unfiltered.length && !has_prerelease_filtering
+    # A prerelease hint applies when the source would strip prereleases for
+    # this constraint (global prerelease flag off and the constraint's range
+    # doesn't itself reach into prerelease territory) AND a prerelease of
+    # the gem exists somewhere.
+    prerelease_gated = !(@set.respond_to?(:prerelease) && @set.prerelease) &&
+                       !range_admits_prerelease?(constraint.range)
+    has_prerelease_candidate = prerelease_gated &&
+                               @all_versions[pkg].any?(&:prerelease?)
+
+    return if filtered.length == unfiltered.length && !has_prerelease_candidate
 
     hints = []
 
@@ -450,9 +455,8 @@ def build_extended_explanation(name, constraint)
     end
 
     # Check for specs filtered by prerelease status
-    unless @set.respond_to?(:prerelease) && @set.prerelease
-      pkg = package_for(name)
-      prerelease_versions = @all_versions[pkg].select(&:prerelease?) - @sorted_versions[pkg]
+    if prerelease_gated
+      prerelease_versions = @all_versions[pkg].select(&:prerelease?)
       if prerelease_versions.any?
         versions = prerelease_versions.sort.reverse.first(3) # limit to avoid cluttering error output
         hints << "#{name} #{versions.join(", ")} are pre-release versions. Use --prerelease to allow pre-release gems."
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/resolver/strategy.rb b/lib/rubygems/resolver/strategy.rb
index 1a1c16261906f5..8f3bebc068f953 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/resolver/strategy.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/resolver/strategy.rb
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 # calls during the solver's package selection loop.
 
 class Gem::Resolver::Strategy
-  def initialize(source, root_package)
+  def initialize(source)
     @source = source
     @package_priority_cache = {}
 
diff --git a/test/rubygems/test_gem_resolver.rb b/test/rubygems/test_gem_resolver.rb
index 18433c5e0f0739..d8ffc904738dfa 100644
--- a/test/rubygems/test_gem_resolver.rb
+++ b/test/rubygems/test_gem_resolver.rb
@@ -844,6 +844,27 @@ def test_resolve_prerelease_required_by_exact_requirement
     assert_resolves_to [a_pre], r
   end
 
+  def test_resolve_transitive_prerelease_required_by_exact_requirement
+    # A transitive dep with an exact prerelease version must resolve to that
+    # version even when stable versions of the same gem are in the set.
+    # The gate on prereleases lives in versions_for and is per-constraint:
+    # `= 2.0.pre` carries a prerelease bound, so prereleases are admitted for
+    # this range even though the global prerelease flag is off.
+    a = util_spec "a", "1.0" do |s|
+      s.add_dependency "b", "= 2.0.pre"
+    end
+
+    b_stable = util_spec "b", "1.0"
+    b_pre = util_spec "b", "2.0.pre"
+
+    s = set(a, b_stable, b_pre)
+
+    ad = make_dep "a"
+    r = Gem::Resolver.new([ad], s)
+
+    assert_resolves_to [a, b_pre], r
+  end
+
   def test_error_includes_platform_hint_when_specs_exist_for_other_platforms
     a = util_spec "a", "1.0" do |s|
       s.add_dependency "b", ">= 1.0"
diff --git a/test/rubygems/test_gem_resolver_strategy.rb b/test/rubygems/test_gem_resolver_strategy.rb
index b8c6c86adfe321..57c9aadde8ab9f 100644
--- a/test/rubygems/test_gem_resolver_strategy.rb
+++ b/test/rubygems/test_gem_resolver_strategy.rb
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ def test_most_preferred_version_respects_all_versions_for_ordering
     pkg = make_package("a")
     source = StubSource.new("a" => [v("2.0"), v("1.0"), v("3.0")])
 
-    strategy = Gem::Resolver::Strategy.new(source, Gem::PubGrub::Package.root)
+    strategy = Gem::Resolver::Strategy.new(source)
     unsatisfied = { pkg => make_range_any }
 
     _package, version = strategy.next_package_and_version(unsatisfied)
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ def test_picks_most_constrained_package
       "b" => [v("1.0")]
     )
 
-    strategy = Gem::Resolver::Strategy.new(source, Gem::PubGrub::Package.root)
+    strategy = Gem::Resolver::Strategy.new(source)
 
     unsatisfied = {
       pkg_a => make_range_any,
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ def test_picks_package_with_fewer_higher_versions_as_tiebreaker
       "b" => [v("3.0"), v("2.0"), v("1.0")]
     )
 
-    strategy = Gem::Resolver::Strategy.new(source, Gem::PubGrub::Package.root)
+    strategy = Gem::Resolver::Strategy.new(source)
 
     unsatisfied = {
       pkg_a => range,
@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ def test_cache_prevents_redundant_versions_for_calls
     pkg = make_package("a")
     source = StubSource.new("a" => [v("2.0"), v("1.0")])
 
-    strategy = Gem::Resolver::Strategy.new(source, Gem::PubGrub::Package.root)
+    strategy = Gem::Resolver::Strategy.new(source)
 
     range = make_range_any
     unsatisfied = { pkg => range }
@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ def test_cache_is_keyed_by_package_and_range
     pkg = make_package("a")
     source = StubSource.new("a" => [v("3.0"), v("2.0"), v("1.0")])
 
-    strategy = Gem::Resolver::Strategy.new(source, Gem::PubGrub::Package.root)
+    strategy = Gem::Resolver::Strategy.new(source)
 
     range_any = make_range_any
     range_gte = make_range_gte(v("2.0"))

From d9fb42701a184f8218eaf5c2c3684c8148c1be33 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Colby Swandale <colby@rubygems.org>
Date: Tue, 21 Apr 2026 00:29:58 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 28/34] [ruby/rubygems] Performance optimisations

https://github.com/ruby/rubygems/commit/efdbd007b8
---
 lib/rubygems/resolver.rb          | 17 ++++++++++-------
 lib/rubygems/resolver/strategy.rb |  4 ++--
 2 files changed, 12 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-)

diff --git a/lib/rubygems/resolver.rb b/lib/rubygems/resolver.rb
index bf75733d6bf640..fafc357c10a72a 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/resolver.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/resolver.rb
@@ -119,7 +119,8 @@ def initialize(needed, set = nil)
       end
     end
     @version_to_index = Hash.new {|h, pkg| h[pkg] = @sorted_versions[pkg].each_with_index.to_h }
-    @versions_for_cache = {}
+    @versions_for_cache = Hash.new {|h, pkg| h[pkg] = {} }
+    @spec_for_cache = Hash.new {|h, name| h[name] = build_spec_for_cache(name) }
   end
 
   ##
@@ -192,7 +193,7 @@ def all_versions_for(package)
   end
 
   def versions_for(package, range = Gem::PubGrub::VersionRange.any)
-    @versions_for_cache[[package, range]] ||= begin
+    @versions_for_cache[package][range] ||= begin
       candidates = range.select_versions(@sorted_versions[package])
 
       if Gem::PubGrub::Package.root?(package) ||
@@ -357,18 +358,20 @@ def filter_specs(specs)
   end
 
   def spec_for(name, version)
-    candidates = @all_specs[name].select {|s| s.version == version }
+    @spec_for_cache[name][version]
+  end
+
+  def build_spec_for_cache(name)
+    @all_specs[name].group_by(&:version).transform_values do |candidates|
+      next candidates.first if candidates.length == 1
 
-    if candidates.length > 1
       # Prefer already-installed specs to avoid unnecessary downloads
       installed = candidates.select {|s| s.is_a?(Gem::Resolver::InstalledSpecification) }
-      return installed.first if installed.length == 1
+      next installed.first if installed.length == 1
       candidates = installed if installed.any?
 
       # Among remaining candidates, prefer the most specific platform
       candidates.min_by {|s| Gem::Platform.platform_specificity_match(s.platform, Gem::Platform.local) }
-    else
-      candidates.first
     end
   end
 
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/resolver/strategy.rb b/lib/rubygems/resolver/strategy.rb
index 8f3bebc068f953..bf0dbb6adc3580 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/resolver/strategy.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/resolver/strategy.rb
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
 class Gem::Resolver::Strategy
   def initialize(source)
     @source = source
-    @package_priority_cache = {}
+    @package_priority_cache = Hash.new {|h, pkg| h[pkg] = {} }
 
     @version_indexes = Hash.new do |h, k|
       if Gem::PubGrub::Package.root?(k)
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ def most_preferred_version_of(package, range)
 
   def next_term_to_try_from(unsatisfied)
     unsatisfied.min_by do |package, range|
-      @package_priority_cache[[package, range]] ||= begin
+      @package_priority_cache[package][range] ||= begin
         matching_versions = @source.versions_for(package, range)
         higher_versions = @source.versions_for(package, range.upper_invert)
 

From df20297a3e6ab094f1bdc7160e252052cd7b1853 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Colby Swandale <colby@rubygems.org>
Date: Tue, 26 May 2026 16:19:21 +1000
Subject: [PATCH 29/34] [ruby/rubygems] resolver performance optimisations

https://github.com/ruby/rubygems/commit/9f585e6d0e
---
 lib/rubygems/resolver.rb | 8 +++-----
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/lib/rubygems/resolver.rb b/lib/rubygems/resolver.rb
index fafc357c10a72a..350cfd964bb809 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/resolver.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/resolver.rb
@@ -346,9 +346,8 @@ def filter_specs(specs)
 
     unless @soft_missing
       filtered = filtered.select do |s|
-        actual = s.respond_to?(:spec) ? s.spec : s
-        actual.required_ruby_version.satisfied_by?(Gem.ruby_version) &&
-          actual.required_rubygems_version.satisfied_by?(Gem.rubygems_version)
+        s.required_ruby_version.satisfied_by?(Gem.ruby_version) &&
+          s.required_rubygems_version.satisfied_by?(Gem.rubygems_version)
       rescue StandardError
         true
       end
@@ -385,8 +384,7 @@ def compute_dependencies(package, version)
     deps = {}
     root_names = @needed.map(&:name)
 
-    actual_spec = spec.respond_to?(:spec) ? spec.spec : spec
-    actual_spec.dependencies.each do |d|
+    spec.dependencies.each do |d|
       next if d.name == package.to_s
       next if d.type == :development && !@development
       next if d.type == :development && @development_shallow && !root_names.include?(package.to_s)

From 1a39445013e6fc8801e3b61ce7208f70d90825c5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Colby Swandale <colby@rubygems.org>
Date: Tue, 2 Jun 2026 13:50:48 +1000
Subject: [PATCH 30/34] [ruby/rubygems] Fix resolver eliminating all gem
 versions on a missing dependency

https://github.com/ruby/rubygems/commit/22134cc22b
---
 lib/rubygems/resolver.rb           | 45 ++++++--------
 test/rubygems/test_gem_resolver.rb | 95 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 113 insertions(+), 27 deletions(-)

diff --git a/lib/rubygems/resolver.rb b/lib/rubygems/resolver.rb
index 350cfd964bb809..c142017efb4498 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/resolver.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/resolver.rb
@@ -235,19 +235,6 @@ def incompatibilities_for(package, version)
     package_deps[version].filter_map do |dep_package_name, dep_constraint|
       dep_package = dep_constraint.package
 
-      # If no specs exist at all for this dependency (not even for other
-      # platforms or Ruby versions), mark this version as invalid.
-      # When specs exist but were filtered out, let PubGrub discover it
-      # via NoVersions so platform/ruby hints are generated.
-      if @unfiltered_specs[dep_package_name].empty?
-        self_constraint = Gem::PubGrub::VersionConstraint.new(package, range: Gem::PubGrub::VersionRange.any)
-        cause = Gem::PubGrub::Incompatibility::InvalidDependency.new(dep_package, dep_constraint)
-        return [Gem::PubGrub::Incompatibility.new(
-          [Gem::PubGrub::Term.new(self_constraint, true)],
-          cause: cause
-        )]
-      end
-
       low = high = @version_to_index[package][version]
 
       # find version low such that all >= low share the same dep
@@ -277,21 +264,25 @@ def incompatibilities_for(package, version)
       range = Gem::PubGrub::VersionRange.new(min: low, max: high, include_min: !low.nil?)
       self_constraint = Gem::PubGrub::VersionConstraint.new(package, range: range)
 
+      # No specs anywhere means an unknown package. Check @unfiltered_specs, not
+      # the filtered set, so a dep filtered out by platform/Ruby/prerelease falls
+      # through to NoVersions for proper hints instead. The band-scoped
+      # self_constraint lets clean sibling versions still resolve via backtracking.
+      if @unfiltered_specs[dep_package_name].empty?
+        cause = Gem::PubGrub::Incompatibility::InvalidDependency.new(dep_package, dep_constraint)
+        return [Gem::PubGrub::Incompatibility.new(
+          [Gem::PubGrub::Term.new(self_constraint, true)],
+          cause: cause
+        )]
+      end
+
+      # An empty range means the requirement is self-contradictory (e.g. `> 2, < 1`).
       if dep_constraint.range.empty?
-        if @unfiltered_specs[dep_package_name].any?
-          # Package exists but requirement is self-contradictory
-          return [Gem::Resolver::Incompatibility.new(
-            [Gem::PubGrub::Term.new(self_constraint, true)],
-            cause: Gem::PubGrub::Incompatibility::NoVersions.new(dep_constraint),
-            custom_explanation: "#{dep_package_name} cannot satisfy contradictory requirements #{dep_constraint.constraint_string}"
-          )]
-        else
-          cause = Gem::PubGrub::Incompatibility::InvalidDependency.new(dep_package, dep_constraint)
-          return [Gem::PubGrub::Incompatibility.new(
-            [Gem::PubGrub::Term.new(self_constraint, true)],
-            cause: cause
-          )]
-        end
+        return [Gem::Resolver::Incompatibility.new(
+          [Gem::PubGrub::Term.new(self_constraint, true)],
+          cause: Gem::PubGrub::Incompatibility::NoVersions.new(dep_constraint),
+          custom_explanation: "#{dep_package_name} cannot satisfy contradictory requirements #{dep_constraint.constraint_string}"
+        )]
       end
 
       Gem::PubGrub::Incompatibility.new(
diff --git a/test/rubygems/test_gem_resolver.rb b/test/rubygems/test_gem_resolver.rb
index d8ffc904738dfa..a0caa0cbc8f87a 100644
--- a/test/rubygems/test_gem_resolver.rb
+++ b/test/rubygems/test_gem_resolver.rb
@@ -991,4 +991,99 @@ def test_soft_missing_skips_dep_with_wrong_version
     # With soft_missing (--force), the dep should be skipped.
     assert_resolves_to [a], r
   end
+
+  def test_backtracks_to_clean_sibling_when_higher_version_has_missing_dep
+    a1 = util_spec "a", "1"
+    a2 = util_spec "a", "2" do |s|
+      s.add_dependency "zzz", ">= 1"
+    end
+
+    r = Gem::Resolver.new([make_dep("a")], set(a1, a2))
+
+    # 'zzz' has zero specs anywhere, so a-2 is unusable, but a-1 is clean
+    # and resolution must backtrack to it rather than declaring every
+    # version of 'a' invalid.
+    assert_resolves_to [a1], r
+  end
+
+  def test_backtracks_over_band_of_bad_high_versions_to_clean_lower
+    a1 = util_spec "a", "1"
+    a2 = util_spec "a", "2" do |s|
+      s.add_dependency "zzz", ">= 1"
+    end
+    a3 = util_spec "a", "3" do |s|
+      s.add_dependency "zzz", ">= 1"
+    end
+
+    r = Gem::Resolver.new([make_dep("a")], set(a1, a2, a3))
+
+    # Only the a-2..a-3 band shares the missing 'zzz' dep and should be
+    # eliminated; band scoping is load-bearing here, not just sibling
+    # presence.
+    assert_resolves_to [a1], r
+  end
+
+  def test_backtracks_when_one_of_several_deps_is_missing
+    good = util_spec "good", "1"
+    a1 = util_spec "a", "1" do |s|
+      s.add_dependency "good", ">= 1"
+    end
+    a2 = util_spec "a", "2" do |s|
+      s.add_dependency "good", ">= 1"
+      s.add_dependency "zzz", ">= 1"
+    end
+
+    r = Gem::Resolver.new([make_dep("a")], set(a1, a2, good))
+
+    # Only a-2, which carries the missing 'zzz' dep, is eliminated; the
+    # per-dep check inside a multi-dep version must not poison a-1.
+    assert_resolves_to [a1, good], r
+  end
+
+  def test_fails_when_every_version_depends_on_missing_package
+    a1 = util_spec "a", "1" do |s|
+      s.add_dependency "zzz", ">= 1"
+    end
+    a2 = util_spec "a", "2" do |s|
+      s.add_dependency "zzz", ">= 1"
+    end
+
+    r = Gem::Resolver.new([make_dep("a")], set(a1, a2))
+
+    e = assert_raise Gem::DependencyResolutionError do
+      r.resolve
+    end
+
+    assert_match(/every version of a depends on unknown package zzz/, e.message)
+  end
+
+  def test_resolves_when_only_lowest_version_has_missing_dep
+    a1 = util_spec "a", "1" do |s|
+      s.add_dependency "zzz", ">= 1"
+    end
+    a2 = util_spec "a", "2"
+
+    r = Gem::Resolver.new([make_dep("a")], set(a1, a2))
+
+    # a-2 is preferred/tried first, so this is already green; it guards
+    # against the bug being re-introduced in an order-sensitive way.
+    assert_resolves_to [a2], r
+  end
+
+  def test_filtered_platform_dep_lets_clean_sibling_backtrack
+    a1 = util_spec "a", "1"
+    a2 = util_spec "a", "2" do |s|
+      s.add_dependency "b", ">= 1.0"
+    end
+    b_java = util_spec "b", "1.0" do |s|
+      s.platform = "java"
+    end
+
+    r = Gem::Resolver.new([make_dep("a")], set(a1, a2, b_java))
+
+    # 'b' EXISTS in the unfiltered specs but is platform-filtered, so a-2
+    # is unusable via NoVersions (not InvalidDependency). Resolution must
+    # backtrack to the clean a-1 rather than eliminating it.
+    assert_resolves_to [a1], r
+  end
 end

From 156935faa9f9ae65073ab0d08d9452919c63f87d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Colby Swandale <colby@rubygems.org>
Date: Tue, 2 Jun 2026 14:09:46 +1000
Subject: [PATCH 31/34] [ruby/rubygems] Remove dangling resolver stats call
 from --explain path

https://github.com/ruby/rubygems/commit/8bc787e863
---
 lib/rubygems/request_set.rb           |  4 ----
 test/rubygems/test_gem_request_set.rb | 28 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 28 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/lib/rubygems/request_set.rb b/lib/rubygems/request_set.rb
index c06ef32da9498a..eb8b4658f3b6c6 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/request_set.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/request_set.rb
@@ -234,10 +234,6 @@ def install_from_gemdeps(options, &block)
       sorted_requests.each do |spec|
         puts "  #{spec.full_name}"
       end
-
-      if Gem.configuration.really_verbose
-        @resolver.stats.display
-      end
     else
       installed = install options, &block
 
diff --git a/test/rubygems/test_gem_request_set.rb b/test/rubygems/test_gem_request_set.rb
index 6ebc95ea20f218..33054aa8e50cc7 100644
--- a/test/rubygems/test_gem_request_set.rb
+++ b/test/rubygems/test_gem_request_set.rb
@@ -93,6 +93,34 @@ def test_install_from_gemdeps_explain
     end
   end
 
+  def test_install_from_gemdeps_explain_verbose
+    spec_fetcher do |fetcher|
+      fetcher.gem "a", 2
+    end
+
+    rs = Gem::RequestSet.new
+
+    verbose = Gem.configuration.verbose
+    Gem.configuration.verbose = :really
+
+    File.open "gem.deps.rb", "w" do |io|
+      io.puts 'gem "a"'
+      io.flush
+
+      expected = <<-EXPECTED
+Gems to install:
+  a-2
+      EXPECTED
+
+      actual, _ = capture_output do
+        rs.install_from_gemdeps gemdeps: io.path, explain: true
+      end
+      assert_equal(expected, actual)
+    end
+  ensure
+    Gem.configuration.verbose = verbose
+  end
+
   def test_install_from_gemdeps_install_dir
     spec_fetcher do |fetcher|
       fetcher.gem "a", 2

From f7932a5318b233302ae3e21cf55c5f26ecc6b4f8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Colby Swandale <colby@rubygems.org>
Date: Tue, 2 Jun 2026 15:16:43 +1000
Subject: [PATCH 32/34] [ruby/rubygems] Prefer the earlier source for
 same-version dependency ties

When version and platform match across sources, prefer the earlier
source. This formalises existing behaviour and matches Bundler.
Cross-version selection is unchanged.

https://github.com/ruby/rubygems/commit/8f2cd72650
---
 lib/rubygems/resolver.rb           | 15 +++++++++++--
 test/rubygems/test_gem_resolver.rb | 36 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 49 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/lib/rubygems/resolver.rb b/lib/rubygems/resolver.rb
index c142017efb4498..208ee623a2709d 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/resolver.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/resolver.rb
@@ -352,6 +352,13 @@ def spec_for(name, version)
   end
 
   def build_spec_for_cache(name)
+    # Rank sources by the order they were first supplied so that, when multiple
+    # sources offer the same version and platform, the earlier source wins.
+    source_rank = {}
+    @all_specs[name].each do |s|
+      source_rank[s.source] ||= source_rank.size
+    end
+
     @all_specs[name].group_by(&:version).transform_values do |candidates|
       next candidates.first if candidates.length == 1
 
@@ -360,8 +367,12 @@ def build_spec_for_cache(name)
       next installed.first if installed.length == 1
       candidates = installed if installed.any?
 
-      # Among remaining candidates, prefer the most specific platform
-      candidates.min_by {|s| Gem::Platform.platform_specificity_match(s.platform, Gem::Platform.local) }
+      # Among remaining candidates, prefer the most specific platform, then the
+      # earlier-supplied source.
+      candidates.min_by do |s|
+        [Gem::Platform.platform_specificity_match(s.platform, Gem::Platform.local),
+         source_rank[s.source]]
+      end
     end
   end
 
diff --git a/test/rubygems/test_gem_resolver.rb b/test/rubygems/test_gem_resolver.rb
index a0caa0cbc8f87a..a6319e4a65516a 100644
--- a/test/rubygems/test_gem_resolver.rb
+++ b/test/rubygems/test_gem_resolver.rb
@@ -722,6 +722,42 @@ def test_picks_highest_version_across_sources
     assert_resolves_to [spec_a_2], resolver
   end
 
+  def test_same_version_prefers_earlier_source
+    source_a = Gem::Source.new "http://example.com/a"
+    source_b = Gem::Source.new "http://example.com/b"
+
+    spec_a = util_spec "some-dep", "1.0.0"
+    spec_b = util_spec "some-dep", "1.0.0"
+
+    set = StaticSet.new [
+      Gem::Resolver::SpecSpecification.new(nil, spec_a, source_a),
+      Gem::Resolver::SpecSpecification.new(nil, spec_b, source_b),
+    ]
+
+    resolver = Gem::Resolver.new [make_dep("some-dep", "> 0")], set
+    result = resolver.resolve
+
+    assert_equal source_a, result.first.spec.source
+  end
+
+  def test_same_version_prefers_earlier_source_when_order_flipped
+    source_a = Gem::Source.new "http://example.com/a"
+    source_b = Gem::Source.new "http://example.com/b"
+
+    spec_a = util_spec "some-dep", "1.0.0"
+    spec_b = util_spec "some-dep", "1.0.0"
+
+    set = StaticSet.new [
+      Gem::Resolver::SpecSpecification.new(nil, spec_b, source_b),
+      Gem::Resolver::SpecSpecification.new(nil, spec_a, source_a),
+    ]
+
+    resolver = Gem::Resolver.new [make_dep("some-dep", "> 0")], set
+    result = resolver.resolve
+
+    assert_equal source_b, result.first.spec.source
+  end
+
   def test_select_local_platforms
     r = Gem::Resolver.new nil, nil
 

From 5e3e2a4047415f59df59f6fd3fad7058d53773eb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Colby Swandale <colby@rubygems.org>
Date: Tue, 2 Jun 2026 17:12:08 +1000
Subject: [PATCH 33/34] [ruby/rubygems] Include the missing dependency's
 version in resolver errors & test and document Bundler-aligned resolver
 behaviors

https://github.com/ruby/rubygems/commit/3d5dfa91b9
---
 lib/rubygems/resolver.rb                      | 35 ++++++++++--
 .../rubygems/test_gem_dependency_installer.rb |  2 +-
 test/rubygems/test_gem_resolver.rb            | 54 ++++++++++++++++++-
 3 files changed, 85 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/lib/rubygems/resolver.rb b/lib/rubygems/resolver.rb
index 208ee623a2709d..788206c0566fd5 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/resolver.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/resolver.rb
@@ -127,7 +127,14 @@ def initialize(needed, set = nil)
   # Proceed with resolution! Returns an array of ActivationRequest objects.
 
   def resolve
-    # Pre-check: raise UnsatisfiableDependencyError for root deps with no matches
+    # Pre-check: raise UnsatisfiableDependencyError for root deps with no
+    # platform match. We filter by platform ONLY here (not required_ruby_version
+    # / required_rubygems_version): a foreign-platform gem is genuinely "not
+    # found", but a gem that exists yet is incompatible with the running Ruby
+    # should flow through the solver to a DependencyResolutionError that names
+    # the Ruby requirement. That matches Bundler (which models Ruby as a
+    # synthetic dependency, so this surfaces as a solve failure) and gives a
+    # clearer message than the platform-oriented UnsatisfiableDependencyError.
     @needed.each do |dep|
       next if @soft_missing
       dep_request = DependencyRequest.new(dep, nil)
@@ -175,6 +182,21 @@ def all_versions_for(package)
     name = package.to_s
 
     if (skip_dep_gems = skip_gems[name]) && !skip_dep_gems.empty?
+      # Conservative mode: float the already-installed (skip) versions to the
+      # front so the solver prefers them. This sets *preference* only (it feeds
+      # the strategy's version-index map); it does not restrict availability, so
+      # every version stays selectable via versions_for. When an installed
+      # version is made impossible by a downstream conflict, the solver
+      # backtracks to a newer version instead of failing. Molinillo instead
+      # hard-restricted the candidate set to skip versions and raised.
+      #
+      # This reaches the same outcome as Bundler (upgrade-over-raise) for the
+      # common single-blocked-gem case, though the mechanism differs: Bundler
+      # hard-pins locked gems and selectively unlocks + re-solves on conflict,
+      # whereas we float as a preference and let PubGrub backtrack in one solve.
+      # The float can therefore over-upgrade when several installed gems are
+      # jointly involved in a conflict; that outcome-level divergence is
+      # accepted (see test_conservative_upgrades_when_installed_blocked).
       skip_versions = skip_dep_gems.map(&:version)
       preferred, rest = versions.partition {|v| skip_versions.include?(v) }
       preferred + rest
@@ -270,9 +292,16 @@ def incompatibilities_for(package, version)
       # self_constraint lets clean sibling versions still resolve via backtracking.
       if @unfiltered_specs[dep_package_name].empty?
         cause = Gem::PubGrub::Incompatibility::InvalidDependency.new(dep_package, dep_constraint)
+        self_term = Gem::PubGrub::Term.new(self_constraint, true)
+        # PubGrub's default InvalidDependency rendering drops the version
+        # requirement ("depends on unknown package bar"). Supply a custom
+        # explanation so the missing dependency's constraint is preserved
+        # ("depends on bar = 0.5 which could not be found in any repository"),
+        # matching Molinillo's diagnostics.
         return [Gem::PubGrub::Incompatibility.new(
-          [Gem::PubGrub::Term.new(self_constraint, true)],
-          cause: cause
+          [self_term],
+          cause: cause,
+          custom_explanation: "#{self_term.to_s(allow_every: true)} depends on #{dep_constraint} which could not be found in any repository"
         )]
       end
 
diff --git a/test/rubygems/test_gem_dependency_installer.rb b/test/rubygems/test_gem_dependency_installer.rb
index e4da6cabd56f50..c2fb6f264b92a1 100644
--- a/test/rubygems/test_gem_dependency_installer.rb
+++ b/test/rubygems/test_gem_dependency_installer.rb
@@ -817,7 +817,7 @@ def test_install_domain_local
         inst.install "b"
       end
 
-      assert_match(/depends on unknown package a/, e.message)
+      assert_match(/depends on a >= 0 which could not be found in any repository/, e.message)
     end
 
     assert_equal [], inst.installed_gems.map(&:full_name)
diff --git a/test/rubygems/test_gem_resolver.rb b/test/rubygems/test_gem_resolver.rb
index a6319e4a65516a..84ede36b6c85d7 100644
--- a/test/rubygems/test_gem_resolver.rb
+++ b/test/rubygems/test_gem_resolver.rb
@@ -140,6 +140,34 @@ def test_resolve_conservative
     assert_resolves_to [a2_spec, b2_spec, c1_spec, d2_spec, e1_spec], res
   end
 
+  def test_conservative_upgrades_when_installed_blocked
+    # Conservative mode floats the installed (skip) version to the front but
+    # keeps newer versions selectable. When the installed version cannot be
+    # used because its own dependency is unsatisfiable, the solver backtracks
+    # to a newer version instead of failing. This intentionally diverges from
+    # Molinillo (which hard-restricted to skip versions and raised) and reaches
+    # Bundler's upgrade-over-raise outcome. See the comment in
+    # Gem::Resolver#all_versions_for.
+    a1_spec = util_spec "a", 1 do |s|
+      s.add_dependency "b", ">= 2"
+    end
+    a2_spec = util_spec "a", 2 do |s|
+      s.add_dependency "b", ">= 1"
+    end
+    b1_spec = util_spec "b", 1
+
+    # b-2 is intentionally absent, so a-1's `b >= 2` cannot be satisfied.
+    deps = [make_dep("a", ">= 1")]
+    s = set a1_spec, a2_spec, b1_spec
+
+    res = Gem::Resolver.new deps, s
+    # a-1 is already installed and satisfies `a >= 1`, so conservative mode
+    # prefers it - but it is blocked by the missing b-2, forcing an upgrade.
+    res.skip_gems = { "a" => [a1_spec] }
+
+    assert_resolves_to [a2_spec, b1_spec], res
+  end
+
   def test_resolve_development
     a_spec = util_spec "a", 1 do |s|
       s.add_development_dependency "b"
@@ -516,7 +544,7 @@ def test_raises_and_reports_an_implicit_request_properly
       r.resolve
     end
 
-    assert_match(/depends on unknown package b/, e.message)
+    assert_match(/depends on b = 2 which could not be found in any repository/, e.message)
   end
 
   def test_raises_when_possibles_are_exhausted
@@ -945,6 +973,28 @@ def test_error_includes_ruby_version_hint_when_filtered
     assert_match(/you have/, e.message)
   end
 
+  def test_root_gem_incompatible_ruby_version_names_ruby_requirement
+    # A requested (root) gem available only for an incompatible Ruby version
+    # flows through the solver to a DependencyResolutionError whose message
+    # names the Ruby requirement. This matches Bundler (which models Ruby as a
+    # synthetic dependency and reports a solve failure) and is clearer than the
+    # platform-oriented UnsatisfiableDependencyError. Contrast the foreign-
+    # *platform* case (test_raises_and_explains_when_platform_prevents_install),
+    # which is genuinely "not found" and does raise UnsatisfiableDependencyError.
+    a = util_spec "a", "1.0" do |s|
+      s.required_ruby_version = ">= 999.0"
+    end
+
+    ad = make_dep "a", "= 1.0"
+    r = Gem::Resolver.new([ad], set(a))
+
+    e = assert_raise Gem::DependencyResolutionError do
+      r.resolve
+    end
+
+    assert_match(/requires Ruby >= 999.0/, e.message)
+  end
+
   def test_self_dependency_does_not_crash
     a = util_spec "a", "1.0" do |s|
       s.add_dependency "a"
@@ -1090,7 +1140,7 @@ def test_fails_when_every_version_depends_on_missing_package
       r.resolve
     end
 
-    assert_match(/every version of a depends on unknown package zzz/, e.message)
+    assert_match(/every version of a depends on zzz >= 1 which could not be found in any repository/, e.message)
   end
 
   def test_resolves_when_only_lowest_version_has_missing_dep

From f916141a2db972c39ad73ad584d505cc4dc63cb8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Peter Zhu <peter@peterzhu.ca>
Date: Tue, 2 Jun 2026 15:52:47 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 34/34] [DOC] Fix hash style for Struct

---
 struct.c | 24 ++++++++++++------------
 1 file changed, 12 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-)

diff --git a/struct.c b/struct.c
index 5ac67dad2c3eb0..7a592b42c548c8 100644
--- a/struct.c
+++ b/struct.c
@@ -628,7 +628,7 @@ rb_struct_define_under(VALUE outer, const char *name, ...)
  *    PositionalOnly.new(0, 1)
  *    # => #<struct PositionalOnly foo=0, bar=1>
  *    PositionalOnly.new(bar: 1, foo: 0)
- *    # => #<struct PositionalOnly foo={:foo=>1, :bar=>2}, bar=nil>
+ *    # => #<struct PositionalOnly foo={foo: 1, bar: 2}, bar=nil>
  *    # Note that no error is raised, but arguments treated as one hash value
  *
  *    # Same as not providing keyword_init:
@@ -1076,14 +1076,14 @@ rb_struct_to_a(VALUE s)
  *    Customer = Struct.new(:name, :address, :zip)
  *    joe = Customer.new("Joe Smith", "123 Maple, Anytown NC", 12345)
  *    h = joe.to_h
- *    h # => {:name=>"Joe Smith", :address=>"123 Maple, Anytown NC", :zip=>12345}
+ *    h # => {name: "Joe Smith", address: "123 Maple, Anytown NC", zip: 12345}
  *
  *  If a block is given, it is called with each name/value pair;
  *  the block should return a 2-element array whose elements will become
  *  a key/value pair in the returned hash:
  *
  *    h = joe.to_h{|name, value| [name.upcase, value.to_s.upcase]}
- *    h # => {:NAME=>"JOE SMITH", :ADDRESS=>"123 MAPLE, ANYTOWN NC", :ZIP=>"12345"}
+ *    h # => {NAME: "JOE SMITH", ADDRESS: "123 MAPLE, ANYTOWN NC", ZIP: "12345"}
  *
  *  Raises ArgumentError if the block returns an inappropriate value.
  *
@@ -1116,12 +1116,12 @@ rb_struct_to_h(VALUE s)
  *    Customer = Struct.new(:name, :address, :zip)
  *    joe = Customer.new("Joe Smith", "123 Maple, Anytown NC", 12345)
  *    h = joe.deconstruct_keys([:zip, :address])
- *    h # => {:zip=>12345, :address=>"123 Maple, Anytown NC"}
+ *    h # => {zip: 12345, address: "123 Maple, Anytown NC"}
  *
  *  Returns all names and values if +array_of_names+ is +nil+:
  *
  *    h = joe.deconstruct_keys(nil)
- *    h # => {:name=>"Joseph Smith, Jr.", :address=>"123 Maple, Anytown NC", :zip=>12345}
+ *    h # => {name: "Joseph Smith, Jr.", address: "123 Maple, Anytown NC", zip: 12345}
  *
  */
 static VALUE
@@ -1565,8 +1565,8 @@ rb_struct_size(VALUE s)
  *
  *   Foo = Struct.new(:a)
  *   f = Foo.new(Foo.new({b: [1, 2, 3]}))
- *   f.dig(:a) # => #<struct Foo a={:b=>[1, 2, 3]}>
- *   f.dig(:a, :a) # => {:b=>[1, 2, 3]}
+ *   f.dig(:a) # => #<struct Foo a={b: [1, 2, 3]}>
+ *   f.dig(:a, :a) # => {b: [1, 2, 3]}
  *   f.dig(:a, :a, :b) # => [1, 2, 3]
  *   f.dig(:a, :a, :b, 0) # => 1
  *   f.dig(:b, 0) # => nil
@@ -1574,8 +1574,8 @@ rb_struct_size(VALUE s)
  *  Given integer argument +n+,
  *  returns the object that is specified by +n+ and +identifiers+:
  *
- *   f.dig(0) # => #<struct Foo a={:b=>[1, 2, 3]}>
- *   f.dig(0, 0) # => {:b=>[1, 2, 3]}
+ *   f.dig(0) # => #<struct Foo a={b: [1, 2, 3]}>
+ *   f.dig(0, 0) # => {b: [1, 2, 3]}
  *   f.dig(0, 0, :b) # => [1, 2, 3]
  *   f.dig(0, 0, :b, 0) # => 1
  *   f.dig(:b, 0) # => nil
@@ -2034,7 +2034,7 @@ rb_data_inspect(VALUE s)
  *    distance = Measure[10, 'km']
  *
  *    distance.to_h
- *    #=> {:amount=>10, :unit=>"km"}
+ *    #=> {amount: 10, unit: "km"}
  *
  *  Like Enumerable#to_h, if the block is provided, it is expected to
  *  produce key-value pairs to construct a hash:
@@ -2108,8 +2108,8 @@ rb_data_inspect(VALUE s)
  *    Measure = Data.define(:amount, :unit)
  *
  *    distance = Measure[10, 'km']
- *    distance.deconstruct_keys(nil) #=> {:amount=>10, :unit=>"km"}
- *    distance.deconstruct_keys([:amount]) #=> {:amount=>10}
+ *    distance.deconstruct_keys(nil) #=> {amount: 10, unit: "km"}
+ *    distance.deconstruct_keys([:amount]) #=> {amount: 10}
  *
  *    # usage
  *    case distance