diff --git a/Tests/images/hopper_jjn.pbm b/Tests/images/hopper_jjn.pbm
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..4133f242214
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/images/hopper_jjn.pbm
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+P1
+# JJN-dithered crop (24, 24, 56, 56) of hopper.ppm
+32 32
+0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
+1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
+1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
+1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
+1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
+1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
+1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0
+1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1
+1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
+1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0
+1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
+1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0
+1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0
+1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
+1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0
+1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
+0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
+0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0
+1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
+1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1
+0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0
+0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0
+1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1
+1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0
+1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
+1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
+1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0
+1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1
+1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1
+1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0
+1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
+1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1
diff --git a/Tests/test_image_dither_jjn.py b/Tests/test_image_dither_jjn.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..68e40a3c8a4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/test_image_dither_jjn.py
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+"""Jarvis-Judice-Ninke error diffusion for bilevel and palette images."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import pytest
+
+from PIL import Image
+
+from .helper import assert_image_equal, hopper
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("size", [(1, 1), (1, 9), (9, 1), (3, 3), (13, 11)])
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("mode", ["L", "RGB"])
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("value", [0, 255])
+def test_jjn_bilevel_solid_image(mode: str, size: tuple[int, int], value: int) -> None:
+    im = Image.new(mode, size, (value,) * 3 if mode == "RGB" else value)
+    result = im.convert("1", dither=Image.Dither.JARVIS_JUDICE_NINKE)
+    assert_image_equal(result, Image.new("1", size, value))
+
+
+def test_jjn_palette_differs_from_floyd_steinberg() -> None:
+    size = (33, 15)
+    im = Image.new("RGB", size)
+    pixels = [
+        ((x * 7 + y * 11) % 256,) * 3 for y in range(size[1]) for x in range(size[0])
+    ]
+    im.putdata(pixels)
+    palette = Image.new("P", (1, 1))
+    palette.putpalette((0, 0, 0, 255, 255, 255))
+
+    jjn = im.quantize(palette=palette, dither=Image.Dither.JARVIS_JUDICE_NINKE)
+    floyd = im.quantize(palette=palette, dither=Image.Dither.FLOYDSTEINBERG)
+
+    assert jjn.mode == "P"
+    assert set(jjn.getdata()) <= {0, 1}
+    assert jjn.tobytes() != floyd.tobytes()
+
+
+def test_jjn_hopper_reference_image() -> None:
+    source = hopper("RGB").crop((24, 24, 56, 56))
+    result = source.convert("1", dither=Image.Dither.JARVIS_JUDICE_NINKE)
+    with Image.open("Tests/images/hopper_jjn.pbm") as expected:
+        assert_image_equal(result, expected)
+
+
+def test_jjn_empty_image() -> None:
+    assert Image.new("L", (0, 0)).convert(
+        "1", dither=Image.Dither.JARVIS_JUDICE_NINKE
+    ).size == (0, 0)
diff --git a/docs/reference/Image.rst b/docs/reference/Image.rst
index 86e2d03131b..5223452324a 100644
--- a/docs/reference/Image.rst
+++ b/docs/reference/Image.rst
@@ -462,6 +462,10 @@ Used to specify the dithering method to use for the
 
       Floyd-Steinberg dither
 
+    .. py:attribute:: JARVIS_JUDICE_NINKE
+
+      Jarvis-Judice-Ninke dither
+
 Palettes
 ^^^^^^^^
 
diff --git a/docs/releasenotes/13.1.0.rst b/docs/releasenotes/13.1.0.rst
index af96eda5bec..5031752fcd5 100644
--- a/docs/releasenotes/13.1.0.rst
+++ b/docs/releasenotes/13.1.0.rst
@@ -42,6 +42,12 @@ TODO
 API additions
 =============
 
+Jarvis-Judice-Ninke dithering
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+:py:data:`PIL.Image.Dither.JARVIS_JUDICE_NINKE` can now be used when
+converting images to black and white or to a palette with error diffusion.
+
 TODO
 ^^^^
 
diff --git a/src/PIL/Image.py b/src/PIL/Image.py
index 241b52b65b1..1dd5da38680 100644
--- a/src/PIL/Image.py
+++ b/src/PIL/Image.py
@@ -171,6 +171,7 @@ class Dither(IntEnum):
     ORDERED = 1  # Not yet implemented
     RASTERIZE = 2  # Not yet implemented
     FLOYDSTEINBERG = 3  # default
+    JARVIS_JUDICE_NINKE = 4
 
 
 # palettes/quantizers
@@ -1053,8 +1054,9 @@ def convert(
            should have length 12.
         :param dither: Dithering method, used when converting from
            mode "RGB" to "P" or from "RGB" or "L" to "1".
-           Available methods are :data:`Dither.NONE` or :data:`Dither.FLOYDSTEINBERG`
-           (default). Note that this is not used when ``matrix`` is supplied.
+           Available methods are :data:`Dither.NONE`, :data:`Dither.FLOYDSTEINBERG`
+           (default) or :data:`Dither.JARVIS_JUDICE_NINKE`. Note that this is not used
+           when ``matrix`` is supplied.
         :param palette: Palette to use when converting from mode "RGB"
            to "P".  Available palettes are :data:`Palette.WEB` or
            :data:`Palette.ADAPTIVE`.
@@ -1315,8 +1317,8 @@ def quantize(
                         :py:class:`PIL.Image.Image`.
         :param dither: Dithering method, used when converting from
            mode "RGB" to "P" or from "RGB" or "L" to "1".
-           Available methods are :data:`Dither.NONE` or :data:`Dither.FLOYDSTEINBERG`
-           (default).
+           Available methods are :data:`Dither.NONE`, :data:`Dither.FLOYDSTEINBERG`
+           (default) or :data:`Dither.JARVIS_JUDICE_NINKE`.
         :returns: A new image
         """
 
diff --git a/src/libImaging/Convert.c b/src/libImaging/Convert.c
index 6ff657cf55e..6642e9fd6a1 100644
--- a/src/libImaging/Convert.c
+++ b/src/libImaging/Convert.c
@@ -33,6 +33,7 @@
  */
 
 #include "Imaging.h"
+#include <stdint.h>
 
 /* ITU-R Recommendation 601-2 (assuming nonlinear RGB) */
 #define L(rgb) ((INT32)(rgb)[0] * 299 + (INT32)(rgb)[1] * 587 + (INT32)(rgb)[2] * 114)
@@ -1179,6 +1180,102 @@ frompalette(Imaging imOut, Imaging imIn, const ModeID mode) {
     return imOut;
 }
 
+/* Jarvis-Judice-Ninke error diffusion uses a 5x3 kernel (divisor 48).
+ * A three-row ring buffer stores weighted error for the current scanline and
+ * the next two scanlines. Taps outside the image bounds are skipped. */
+static const int jjn_taps[][3] = {
+    {1, 0, 7},
+    {2, 0, 5},
+    {-2, 1, 3},
+    {-1, 1, 5},
+    {0, 1, 7},
+    {1, 1, 5},
+    {2, 1, 3},
+    {-2, 2, 1},
+    {-1, 2, 3},
+    {0, 2, 5},
+    {1, 2, 3},
+    {2, 2, 1}
+};
+
+static Imaging
+dither_jjn(Imaging imOut, Imaging imIn, ImagingPalette palette, int alpha) {
+    ImagingSectionCookie cookie;
+    int width = imIn->xsize;
+    int channels = palette ? 3 : 1;
+
+    if (width == 0 || imIn->ysize == 0) {
+        return imOut;
+    }
+
+    if ((size_t)width > SIZE_MAX / (3 * sizeof(int) * (size_t)channels)) {
+        ImagingDelete(imOut);
+        return ImagingError_MemoryError();
+    }
+
+    size_t row_size = (size_t)width * (size_t)channels;
+    int *errors = calloc(3 * row_size, sizeof(int));
+    if (!errors) {
+        ImagingDelete(imOut);
+        return ImagingError_MemoryError();
+    }
+
+    ImagingSectionEnter(&cookie);
+    for (int y = 0; y < imIn->ysize; y++) {
+        const UINT8 *in = (const UINT8 *)imIn->image[y];
+        UINT8 *out = alpha ? (UINT8 *)imOut->image32[y] : imOut->image8[y];
+        int current_row = y % 3;
+
+        for (int x = 0; x < width; x++) {
+            int values[3];
+            int count = palette ? 3 : 1;
+            size_t pos = (size_t)current_row * row_size + (size_t)x * channels;
+
+            if (palette) {
+                for (int c = 0; c < 3; c++) {
+                    int original = imIn->bands == 1 ? in[x] : in[x * 4 + c];
+                    values[c] = CLIP8(original + errors[pos + c] / 48);
+                }
+                INT16 *cache =
+                    &ImagingPaletteCache(palette, values[0], values[1], values[2]);
+                if (cache[0] == 0x100) {
+                    ImagingPaletteCacheUpdate(palette, values[0], values[1], values[2]);
+                }
+                if (alpha) {
+                    out[x * 4] = out[x * 4 + 1] = out[x * 4 + 2] = (UINT8)cache[0];
+                    out[x * 4 + 3] = 255;
+                } else {
+                    out[x] = (UINT8)cache[0];
+                }
+                for (int c = 0; c < 3; c++) {
+                    values[c] -= (int)palette->palette[cache[0] * 4 + c];
+                }
+            } else {
+                int original = imIn->bands == 1 ? in[x] : L(in + x * 4) / 1000;
+                values[0] = CLIP8(original + errors[pos] / 48);
+                out[x] = values[0] > 128 ? 255 : 0;
+                values[0] -= out[x];
+            }
+
+            for (size_t i = 0; i < sizeof(jjn_taps) / sizeof(jjn_taps[0]); i++) {
+                int xx = x + jjn_taps[i][0];
+                int yy = y + jjn_taps[i][1];
+                if (xx < 0 || xx >= width || yy >= imIn->ysize) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+                size_t next = (size_t)(yy % 3) * row_size + (size_t)xx * channels;
+                for (int c = 0; c < count; c++) {
+                    errors[next + c] += values[c] * jjn_taps[i][2];
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        memset(errors + (size_t)current_row * row_size, 0, row_size * sizeof(int));
+    }
+    ImagingSectionLeave(&cookie);
+    free(errors);
+    return imOut;
+}
+
 #if defined(_MSC_VER)
 #pragma optimize("", off)
 #endif
@@ -1239,7 +1336,7 @@ topalette(
     ImagingPaletteDelete(imOut->palette);
     imOut->palette = ImagingPaletteDuplicate(palette);
 
-    if (imIn->bands < 3) {
+    if (imIn->bands < 3 && dither != IMAGING_DITHER_JARVIS_JUDICE_NINKE) {
         /* grayscale image */
 
         /* Grayscale palette: copy data as is */
@@ -1279,7 +1376,14 @@ topalette(
             return NULL;
         }
 
-        if (dither != IMAGING_DITHER_NONE) {
+        if (dither == IMAGING_DITHER_JARVIS_JUDICE_NINKE) {
+            if (!dither_jjn(imOut, imIn, palette, alpha)) {
+                if (inpalette != palette) {
+                    ImagingPaletteDelete(palette);
+                }
+                return NULL;
+            }
+        } else if (dither != IMAGING_DITHER_NONE) {
             /* floyd-steinberg dither */
 
             int *errors;
@@ -1694,8 +1798,8 @@ static struct {
  *                NULL to use a default palette.
  * @param dither  Dither method when converting to "P", "PA" or "1".
  *                Currently, for historical PIL reasons,
- *                any value other than IMAGING_DITHER_NONE uses Floyd-Steinberg
- *                dithering.
+ *                any value other than IMAGING_DITHER_NONE or
+ *                IMAGING_DITHER_JARVIS_JUDICE_NINKE uses Floyd-Steinberg dithering.
  * @return        The resulting Imaging object,
  *                or NULL with a Python exception set on failure.
  */
@@ -1737,6 +1841,16 @@ ImagingConvert(
         return topalette(imOut, imIn, mode, palette, dither);
     }
 
+    if (dither == IMAGING_DITHER_JARVIS_JUDICE_NINKE && mode == IMAGING_MODE_1) {
+        if (imIn->mode != IMAGING_MODE_L && imIn->mode != IMAGING_MODE_RGB) {
+            return (Imaging)ImagingError_ValueError("conversion not supported");
+        }
+        imOut = ImagingNew2Dirty(IMAGING_MODE_1, imOut, imIn);
+        if (!imOut) {
+            return NULL;
+        }
+        return dither_jjn(imOut, imIn, NULL, 0);
+    }
     if (dither != IMAGING_DITHER_NONE && mode == IMAGING_MODE_1) {
         return tobilevel(imOut, imIn);
     }
diff --git a/src/libImaging/Imaging.h b/src/libImaging/Imaging.h
index 0cb0d5ca80d..89611084918 100644
--- a/src/libImaging/Imaging.h
+++ b/src/libImaging/Imaging.h
@@ -314,6 +314,7 @@ typedef enum {
 typedef enum {
     IMAGING_DITHER_NONE = 0,
     IMAGING_DITHER_FLOYDSTEINBERG = 3,  // Default
+    IMAGING_DITHER_JARVIS_JUDICE_NINKE = 4,
 } ImagingDitherType;
 
 typedef int (*ImagingTransformMap)(double *X, double *Y, int x, int y, void *data);