diff --git a/lib/outreach/pipeline.ts b/lib/outreach/pipeline.ts
index 5b8ef02b..5157d6a8 100644
--- a/lib/outreach/pipeline.ts
+++ b/lib/outreach/pipeline.ts
@@ -834,10 +834,20 @@ async function draftCustomEmail(input: {
 
   // Facts, plus the intro and ask — everything the operator authored counts
   // as grounded, or an ask that names a URL makes its own draft invalid.
+  //
+  // And the recipient's own identity, which the operator could not have
+  // written because it differs per prospect. Addressing a company called
+  // "4 Corner Resources" states the number four, and the guard rejected every
+  // draft to them for inventing it — the campaign, quite correctly, had never
+  // mentioned a four. Naming who you are writing to is not a claim about
+  // them; it is the minimum a personalised email does.
   const problems = unsupportedCustomClaims(output.body, [
     ...facts,
     input.pitch.intro,
     input.pitch.ask ?? "",
+    host,
+    input.prospect.target_key,
+    recipient?.selfDescription ?? "",
   ]);
   if (problems.length) return { ok: false, problems };
 
diff --git a/lib/outreach/runner.ts b/lib/outreach/runner.ts
index 28da64a5..55c16aba 100644
--- a/lib/outreach/runner.ts
+++ b/lib/outreach/runner.ts
@@ -329,7 +329,18 @@ export async function runEmailCampaignTick(campaign: CampaignRow): Promise<TickR
   // it is genuinely spent by then — a search that returned no usable candidate
   // still cost a call — but billing for a tick with no output is a worse trade
   // than eating that occasionally.
-  if (billing.charged() && !result.discovered && !result.researched && !result.drafted && !result.sent) {
+  //
+  // People count as output. A run against a people-directory names humans
+  // without necessarily adding a prospect, and leaving them out of this test
+  // refunded every such run: eleven CTOs rendered, paginated, parsed and
+  // recorded, billed as nothing.
+  const producedSomething =
+    result.discovered ||
+    result.researched ||
+    result.drafted ||
+    result.sent ||
+    result.peopleRecorded;
+  if (billing.charged() && !producedSomething) {
     await billing.refund();
   }
   result.creditsSpent = billing.charged() ? LEAD_RUN_CREDITS : 0;
diff --git a/supabase/migrations/20260729050000_prospect_contact_source_guess.sql b/supabase/migrations/20260729050000_prospect_contact_source_guess.sql
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8a01e6dc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/supabase/migrations/20260729050000_prospect_contact_source_guess.sql
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+-- Let a prospect record how its address was actually found.
+--
+-- contact_source was constrained to ('mailto','text','manual') when the only
+-- ways to find an address were reading a link, reading page text, or being
+-- told. Two more have been added since — a search fallback and, last of all, a
+-- guessed role address — and neither could be written down.
+--
+-- The failure was total rather than cosmetic: the whole prospect row was
+-- rejected by the check, so a business whose address had to be guessed was
+-- discovered, crawled, searched for and then dropped on the floor with a
+-- constraint error in the run log. builtinla.com is in that log twice.
+--
+-- 'guess' matters most of the four to keep distinguishable. A constructed
+-- address bounces far more often than a published one, and bounces are
+-- charged to the sender's reputation — so "we made this up" has to survive
+-- into the record where the send path can still see it.
+
+alter table public.outreach_prospects
+  drop constraint if exists outreach_prospects_contact_source_check;
+
+alter table public.outreach_prospects
+  add constraint outreach_prospects_contact_source_check
+  check (contact_source = any (array['mailto', 'text', 'manual', 'search', 'guess', 'page', 'json-ld']));
+
+comment on column public.outreach_prospects.contact_source is
+  'How the address was found. guess = constructed role address, never published; it bounces more often and the send path treats it accordingly.';
diff --git a/tests/prod-regressions.test.ts b/tests/prod-regressions.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..49861379
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/prod-regressions.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+import { describe, it, expect } from "vitest";
+import { readFileSync } from "node:fs";
+import { unsupportedCustomClaims } from "@/lib/outreach/cold";
+
+// Three failures that only appeared once campaigns ran against real
+// businesses. Each is pinned by the case that produced it.
+
+describe("a company's own name is not an invented claim", () => {
+  const campaign = ["We build websites.", "Reply if useful."];
+
+  it("lets a draft name 4 Corner Resources", () => {
+    // The guard rejected every draft to them for stating "4" — which the
+    // campaign, quite correctly, had never mentioned. You cannot address the
+    // company without writing its name.
+    const body = "I came across 4 Corner Resources and had a thought.";
+    expect(unsupportedCustomClaims(body, [...campaign, "4cornerresources.com"])).toEqual([]);
+  });
+
+  it("still catches a number that is genuinely invented", () => {
+    // The guard has to keep earning its place: a fabricated credential is
+    // exactly what it exists to stop reaching a stranger.
+    const problems = unsupportedCustomClaims(
+      "We have 30 years of experience and 500 clients.",
+      [...campaign, "4cornerresources.com"],
+    );
+    expect(problems.length).toBeGreaterThan(0);
+    expect(problems.join(" ")).toMatch(/30|500/);
+  });
+
+  it("still catches an invented link", () => {
+    expect(
+      unsupportedCustomClaims("See https://example.com/made-up", campaign).join(" "),
+    ).toMatch(/links to/);
+  });
+});
+
+describe("every contact source the code emits is storable", () => {
+  // A prospect whose address had to be guessed was discovered, crawled,
+  // searched for, and then rejected wholesale by a check constraint that
+  // predated the guess path. builtinla.com is in the run log twice.
+  const cold = readFileSync(new URL("../lib/outreach/cold.ts", import.meta.url), "utf8");
+  const migration = readFileSync(
+    new URL("../supabase/migrations/20260729050000_prospect_contact_source_guess.sql", import.meta.url),
+    "utf8",
+  );
+
+  it("the constraint covers the declared ContactCandidate sources", () => {
+    const declared = cold.match(/source:\s*("(?:mailto|text|manual|guess|search)"\s*\|?\s*)+/);
+    expect(declared).not.toBeNull();
+    for (const source of ["mailto", "text", "manual", "guess"]) {
+      expect(migration).toContain(`'${source}'`);
+    }
+  });
+});
+
+describe("people are output worth paying for", () => {
+  // A run against a people-directory names humans without necessarily adding
+  // a prospect. Leaving them out of the produced-something test refunded
+  // every such run: eleven CTOs rendered, paginated, parsed — billed as zero.
+  const runner = readFileSync(new URL("../lib/outreach/runner.ts", import.meta.url), "utf8");
+
+  it("counts recorded people when deciding whether to refund", () => {
+    const block = runner.slice(runner.indexOf("const producedSomething"));
+    expect(block.slice(0, 300)).toContain("result.peopleRecorded");
+  });
+
+  it("still refunds a run that truly did nothing", () => {
+    expect(runner).toMatch(/if \(billing\.charged\(\) && !producedSomething\)/);
+  });
+});