Direct writes to the VGA text buffer at 0xB8000. Each character cell is 2 bytes (ASCII byte + attribute byte for color). No BIOS interrupts available once in protected/long mode, so this replaces int 0x10 entirely.
Resources:
- OSDev wiki: VGA Hardware
- OSDev wiki: Text Mode Cursor — optional, for later
- Alternative/complement: serial port (COM1,
0x3F8) output, often easier to debug with since it can be redirected to your terminal via QEMU -serial stdio, consider doing this instead of or alongside VGA
Direct writes to the VGA text buffer at
0xB8000. Each character cell is 2 bytes (ASCII byte + attribute byte for color). No BIOS interrupts available once in protected/long mode, so this replaces int0x10entirely.Resources:
0x3F8) output, often easier to debug with since it can be redirected to your terminal via QEMU-serial stdio, consider doing this instead of or alongside VGA