feat: Drop Python 3.9 support, require Python 3.10+ (#2692)

* feat: Enhance JSON Schema support with prefixItems and tuple validation examples

* docs: update CLI reference documentation

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* feat: Refactor type checks to use match-case syntax for improved readability

* refactor: Simplify type check handling by removing redundant case statement

* docs: update CLI reference documentation

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* refactor: update type alias import to use standard typing module

* docs: update CLI reference documentation

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* docs: reorder "See also" sections for clarity in model and template customization

* docs: update CLI reference documentation

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* fix: update CLI option from --target-python to --target-python-version for consistency

* docs: update CLI reference documentation

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---------

Co-authored-by: github-actions[bot] <github-actions[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>

Author: koxudaxi

.github/workflows/test.yaml

@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ jobs:
     strategy:
       fail-fast: false
       matrix:
-        py: ["3.14", "3.13", "3.12", "3.11", "3.10", "3.9"]
+        py: ["3.14", "3.13", "3.12", "3.11", "3.10"]
         os: [ubuntu-24.04, windows-latest, macos-latest]
         tox_env: ['']
         include:

docs/cli-reference/field-customization.md

@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ providing fine-grained control over generated names independent of schema defini
 !!! tip "Usage"
 
     ```bash
-    datamodel-codegen --input schema.json --aliases openapi/aliases.json --target-python 3.9 # (1)!
+    datamodel-codegen --input schema.json --aliases openapi/aliases.json --target-python-version 3.10 # (1)!
     ```
 
     1. :material-arrow-left: `--aliases` - the option documented here
@@ -317,10 +317,9 @@ providing fine-grained control over generated names independent of schema defini
             
             from __future__ import annotations
             
-            from typing import Annotated, List, Union
+            from typing import Annotated, List, TypeAlias, Union
             
             from msgspec import UNSET, Meta, Struct, UnsetType, field
-            from typing_extensions import TypeAlias
             
             
             class Pet(Struct):
@@ -803,10 +802,9 @@ store fields not defined in the schema. Options: allow, ignore, forbid.
 
     from __future__ import annotations
 
-    from typing import List, Literal, Optional
+    from typing import List, Literal, Optional, TypeAlias
 
     from pydantic import BaseModel, Extra, Field
-    from typing_extensions import TypeAlias
 
     Boolean: TypeAlias = bool
     """
@@ -2803,10 +2801,9 @@ generated models, preserving documentation from the original schema.
         
         from __future__ import annotations
         
-        from typing import Annotated, Any, List, Optional, Union
+        from typing import Annotated, Any, List, Optional, TypeAlias, Union
         
         from pydantic import BaseModel, Field
-        from typing_extensions import TypeAlias
         
         Model: TypeAlias = Any
         

docs/cli-reference/model-customization.md

@@ -1584,9 +1584,7 @@ control over dataclass generation.
     from __future__ import annotations
 
     from dataclasses import dataclass
-    from typing import List, Literal, Optional
-    
-    from typing_extensions import TypeAlias
+    from typing import List, Literal, Optional, TypeAlias
 
     Boolean: TypeAlias = bool
     """
@@ -3339,10 +3337,9 @@ for the generated code. Supported values include `pydantic.BaseModel`,
             
             from __future__ import annotations
             
-            from typing import List, Literal, Optional
+            from typing import List, Literal, Optional, TypeAlias
             
             from pydantic import BaseModel, Field
-            from typing_extensions import TypeAlias
             
             Boolean: TypeAlias = bool
             """
@@ -3504,9 +3501,7 @@ for the generated code. Supported values include `pydantic.BaseModel`,
             from __future__ import annotations
             
             from dataclasses import dataclass
-            from typing import List, Literal, Optional
-            
-            from typing_extensions import TypeAlias
+            from typing import List, Literal, Optional, TypeAlias
             
             Boolean: TypeAlias = bool
             """
@@ -4626,8 +4621,8 @@ Target Python version for generated code syntax and imports.
 
 The `--target-python-version` flag controls Python version-specific syntax:
 
-- **Python 3.9**: Uses `Optional[X]` for optional types, `typing.Dict/List`
-- **Python 3.10+**: Can use `X | None` union operator, built-in `dict/list`
+- **Python 3.10-3.11**: Uses `X | None` union operator, `TypeAlias` annotation
+- **Python 3.12+**: Uses `type` statement for type aliases
 
 This affects import statements and type annotation syntax in generated code.
 
@@ -4636,7 +4631,7 @@ This affects import statements and type annotation syntax in generated code.
 !!! tip "Usage"
 
     ```bash
-    datamodel-codegen --input schema.json --target-python-version 3.9 --use-standard-collections # (1)!
+    datamodel-codegen --input schema.json --target-python-version 3.10 --use-standard-collections # (1)!
     ```
 
     1. :material-arrow-left: `--target-python-version` - the option documented here
@@ -4676,7 +4671,7 @@ This affects import statements and type annotation syntax in generated code.
 
     **Output:**
 
-    === "Python 3.9"
+    === "Python 3.10"
 
         ```python
         # generated by datamodel-codegen:
@@ -4700,30 +4695,6 @@ This affects import statements and type annotation syntax in generated code.
             comment: None = None
         ```
 
-    === "Python 3.10"
-
-        ```python
-        # generated by datamodel-codegen:
-        #   filename:  person.json
-        #   timestamp: 2019-07-26T00:00:00+00:00
-        
-        from __future__ import annotations
-        
-        from typing import Any
-        
-        from pydantic import BaseModel, Field, conint
-        
-        
-        class Person(BaseModel):
-            firstName: str | None = Field(None, description="The person's first name.")
-            lastName: str | None = Field(None, description="The person's last name.")
-            age: conint(ge=0) | None = Field(
-                None, description='Age in years which must be equal to or greater than zero.'
-            )
-            friends: list[Any] | None = None
-            comment: None = None
-        ```
-
 ---
 
 ## `--union-mode` {#union-mode}
@@ -4938,10 +4909,9 @@ default values.
 
     from __future__ import annotations
 
-    from typing import List, Literal, Optional
+    from typing import List, Literal, Optional, TypeAlias
 
     from pydantic import BaseModel, Field
-    from typing_extensions import TypeAlias
 
     Boolean: TypeAlias = bool
     """
@@ -5551,8 +5521,7 @@ type, providing better type safety and IDE support.
     from __future__ import annotations
 
     from enum import Enum
-    
-    from typing_extensions import TypeAlias
+    from typing import TypeAlias
 
     Boolean: TypeAlias = bool
     """

docs/cli-reference/template-customization.md

@@ -69,11 +69,10 @@ is useful when using custom types defined in external modules (e.g.,
     from __future__ import annotations
 
     from datetime import date, datetime
-    from typing import Literal, Optional
+    from typing import Literal, Optional, TypeAlias
 
     from mymodule.myclass import MyCustomPythonClass
     from pydantic import BaseModel, Field
-    from typing_extensions import TypeAlias
 
     Boolean: TypeAlias = bool
     """
@@ -511,10 +510,9 @@ formatting rules beyond what black/isort provide.
     # a comment
     from __future__ import annotations
 
-    from typing import Literal, Optional
+    from typing import Literal, Optional, TypeAlias
 
     from pydantic import BaseModel, Field
-    from typing_extensions import TypeAlias
 
     Boolean: TypeAlias = bool
     """

docs/cli-reference/typing-customization.md

@@ -1113,10 +1113,9 @@ of Enum classes for all enumerations.
             
             from __future__ import annotations
             
-            from typing import Literal
+            from typing import Literal, TypeAlias
             
             from pydantic import BaseModel
-            from typing_extensions import TypeAlias
             
             Boolean: TypeAlias = bool
             """
@@ -1156,8 +1155,7 @@ of Enum classes for all enumerations.
             from __future__ import annotations
             
             from enum import Enum
-            
-            from typing_extensions import TypeAlias
+            from typing import TypeAlias
             
             Boolean: TypeAlias = bool
             """
@@ -1244,8 +1242,9 @@ defined enum members.
         
         from __future__ import annotations
         
+        from typing import TypeAlias
+        
         from pydantic import BaseModel
-        from typing_extensions import TypeAlias
         
         Boolean: TypeAlias = bool
         """
@@ -1285,8 +1284,7 @@ defined enum members.
         from __future__ import annotations
         
         from enum import Enum
-        
-        from typing_extensions import TypeAlias
+        from typing import TypeAlias
         
         Boolean: TypeAlias = bool
         """
@@ -2699,7 +2697,7 @@ Use built-in dict/list instead of typing.Dict/List.
 
 The `--use-standard-collections` flag generates built-in container types
 (dict, list) instead of typing module equivalents. This produces cleaner
-code for Python 3.9+ where built-in types support subscripting.
+code for Python 3.10+ where built-in types support subscripting.
 
 **Related:** [`--use-generic-container-types`](typing-customization.md#use-generic-container-types)
 
@@ -2908,7 +2906,7 @@ code for Python 3.9+ where built-in types support subscripting.
 Use TypeAlias instead of root models for type definitions (experimental).
 
 The `--use-type-alias` flag generates TypeAlias declarations instead of
-root model classes for certain type definitions. For Python 3.9-3.11, it
+root model classes for certain type definitions. For Python 3.10-3.11, it
 generates TypeAliasType, and for Python 3.12+, it uses the 'type' statement
 syntax. This feature is experimental.
 
@@ -2975,10 +2973,9 @@ syntax. This feature is experimental.
         
         from __future__ import annotations
         
-        from typing import Annotated, Any, List, Optional, Union
+        from typing import Annotated, Any, List, Optional, TypeAlias, Union
         
         from pydantic import BaseModel, Field
-        from typing_extensions import TypeAlias
         
         Model: TypeAlias = Any
         
@@ -3040,10 +3037,9 @@ syntax. This feature is experimental.
         
         from __future__ import annotations
         
-        from typing import Literal, Optional, Union
+        from typing import Literal, Optional, TypeAlias, Union
         
         from pydantic import BaseModel, Field
-        from typing_extensions import TypeAlias
         
         Boolean: TypeAlias = bool
         """

docs/pyproject_toml.md

@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ You can define multiple named profiles for different use cases within a single p
 
 ```toml
 [tool.datamodel-codegen]
-target-python-version = "3.9"
+target-python-version = "3.10"
 snake-case-field = true
 
 [tool.datamodel-codegen.profiles.api]