diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 89fb07c8..2fbe0dd1 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ it releases that version ([RELEASING.md](https://github.com/energy-models/mathsp
 
 ## Upcoming version
 
+- fix(language): dual(c) is the rate at which the optimal objective rises with the right side of c, so an equality has a sign too ([#751](https://github.com/energy-models/mathspec/pull/751))
 - fix(language): a macro formal written inside a list takes the name the call binds to it ([#779](https://github.com/energy-models/mathspec/pull/779))
 - feat(language): a sum names several dimensions in one over= list ([#778](https://github.com/energy-models/mathspec/pull/778))
 - feat(language): a divisor or a power over parameters may add, so a discount factor is written where it is used ([#757](https://github.com/energy-models/mathspec/pull/757))
diff --git a/docs/reference/language/named.md b/docs/reference/language/named.md
index 41f08da8..aae1743d 100644
--- a/docs/reference/language/named.md
+++ b/docs/reference/language/named.md
@@ -176,9 +176,18 @@ Constraint 'd': a dual exists only after a solve; the math cannot read one —
 keep the entry that carries it out of constraints, the objective, bounds and where.
 ```
 
-`dual(c)` is the rate at which the optimal objective improves as `c` is relaxed
-in the direction its comparator points, under the spec's own `minimize` or
-`maximize`.
+`dual(c)` is the rate at which the optimal objective rises as the right side
+of `c` rises. Read `lhs <= rhs` as `lhs <= rhs + d`: the dual is the rate in `d`
+at `d = 0`. The rule is the same for `<=`, `>=` and `==`, and under `minimize`
+and `maximize`, so an equality has a dual with a sign too. Which side a term is
+written on decides the sign: `p <= cap` and `-p >= -cap` state one row, and their
+duals are opposite.
+
+| Under `minimize`, a binding row | Its dual                             |
+| ------------------------------- | ------------------------------------ |
+| `p <= cap`                      | at most 0                            |
+| `p >= load`                     | at least 0                           |
+| `sum(p, over=g) == load`        | the price of one more unit of `load` |
 
 A row that `c`'s `where:` deletes has no dual.
 
diff --git a/src/mathspec/program.py b/src/mathspec/program.py
index d1430e1e..ad882ec9 100644
--- a/src/mathspec/program.py
+++ b/src/mathspec/program.py
@@ -189,12 +189,14 @@ class Variable:
 
 @dataclass(frozen=True)
 class Dual:
-    """A constraint's dual — its shadow price, read after the solve.
-
-    Stands only under an [`ExpressionDeclaration`][] the math never reads:
-    the loader refuses ``dual()`` anywhere a solver ingests. One value per
-    coordinate of the named constraint's own ``dims`` frame: the leaf reshapes
-    nothing, like a parameter.
+    """A constraint's dual — the rate the optimal objective rises with the constraint's right side, read after the solve.
+
+    Of ``lhs <= rhs`` it is the rate in ``d`` of ``lhs <= rhs + d``, for every
+    comparator and under either sense. Stands only under an
+    [`ExpressionDeclaration`][] the math never reads: the loader refuses
+    ``dual()`` anywhere a solver ingests. One value per coordinate of the named
+    constraint's own ``dims`` frame: the leaf reshapes nothing, like a
+    parameter.
     """
 
     constraint: str