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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
<html lang="en" xml:lang="en" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
<head>
<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html;charset=UTF-8"/>
<link rel="icon" type="image/gif" href="/favicon.gif"/>
<link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="120x120" href="touch-icon-iphone-retina.png" />
<link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="152x152" href="touch-icon-ipad-retina.png" />
<title>Lorem Ipsum</title>
<script type="text/javascript"
src="http://cdn.mathjax.org/mathjax/latest/MathJax.js?config=TeX-AMS-MML_HTMLorMML">
</script>
<style type="text/css" id="internal-style">
@import url(hyperpolyglot.css);
</style>
<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html;charset=UTF-8"/>
<meta http-equiv="content-language" content="en"/>
</head>
<body>
<div id="container-wrap-wrap">
<div id="container-wrap">
<div id="container">
<div id="header">
<h1><a href="/"><span>Hyperpolyglot</span></a></h1>
</div>
<div id="content-wrap">
<div id="main-content">
<div id="page-title">Lorem Ipsum</div>
<div id="page-content">
<table class="wiki-content-table">
<tr>
<th></th>
<th><a href="#gnuplot">gnuplot</a></th>
<th><a href="#glpk">glpk</a></th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a name="version-used"></a><a href="#version-used-note">version used</a><br />
<span style="white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></td>
<td><span style="color: gray"><em>5.0</em></span></td>
<td><span style="color: gray"><em>4.52</em></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a name="show-version"></a><a href="#show-version-note">show version</a><br />
<span style="white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></td>
<td>$ gnuplot <span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">--</span>version</td>
<td>$ glpsol <span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">--</span>version</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="3"><a name="grammar-invocation"></a><a href="#grammar-invocation-note">grammar and invocation</a></th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th></th>
<th>gnuplot</th>
<th>glpk</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a name="interpreter"></a><a href="#interpreter-note">interpreter</a><br />
<span style="white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></td>
<td>$ cat hello.gnuplot<br />
print "Hello, World!"<br />
<br />
$ gnuplot hello.gnuplot<br />
Hello, World!</td>
<td>$ cat hello.model<br />
printf "Hello, World!\n";<br />
end;<br />
<br />
$ glpsol -m hello.model<br />
Hello, World!</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a name="repl"></a><a href="#repl-note">repl</a><br />
<span style="white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></td>
<td>$ gnuplot</td>
<td><span style="color: gray"><em>none</em></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a name="compiler"></a><a href="#compiler-note">compiler</a></td>
<td><span style="color: gray"><em>none</em></span></td>
<td><span style="color: gray"><em>none</em></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a name="cmd-line-program"></a><a href="#cmd-line-program-note">command line program</a><br />
<span style="white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></td>
<td>$ gnuplot -e 'print 1 + 1;'</td>
<td><span style="color: gray"><em>none</em></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a name="block-delimiters"></a><a href="#block-delimiters-note">block delimiters</a><br />
<span style="white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></td>
<td>{ }</td>
<td>{ }<br />
<br />
<span style="color: gray"><em>Curly braces are used to delimit the block of statements in the body of a</em> for <em>statement.</em></span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: gray"><em>Curly braces are also used in indexing expressions and set literals.</em></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a name="stmt-separator"></a><a href="#stmt-separator-note">statement separator</a></td>
<td><span style="color: gray"><em>newline or</em></span> ;<br />
<br />
<span style="color: gray"><em>A newline preceded by a backslash is ignored.</em></span></td>
<td>;</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a name="eol-comment"></a><a href="#eol-comment-note">end-of-line comment</a><br />
<span style="white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></td>
<td># <span style="color: gray"><em>comment</em></span></td>
<td># <span style="color: gray"><em>comment</em></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a name="multiple-line-comment"></a><a href="#multiple-line-comment-note">multiple line comment</a><br />
<span style="white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></td>
<td><span style="color: gray"><em>none</em></span></td>
<td>/* <span style="color: gray"><em>comment line</em></span><br />
<span style="color: gray"><em>another comment</em></span> */</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="3"><a name="var-expr"></a><a href="#var-expr-note">variables and expressions</a></th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th></th>
<th>gnuplot</th>
<th>glpk</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a name="assignment"></a><a href="#assignment-note">assignment</a></td>
<td>x = 3.14</td>
<td><span style="color: gray"># parameters are write once:</span><br />
param pi := 3.14;</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a name="null"></a><a href="#null-note">null</a><br />
<span style="white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></td>
<td><span style="color: gray"><em>none</em></span></td>
<td><span style="color: gray"><em>none</em></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a name="null-test"></a><a href="#null-test-note">null test</a><br />
<span style="white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></td>
<td><span style="color: gray"><em>none</em></span></td>
<td><span style="color: gray"><em>none</em></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a name="undef-var"></a><a href="#undef-var-note">undefined variable access</a><br />
<span style="white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></td>
<td><span style="color: gray"><em>causes error</em></span></td>
<td><span style="color: gray"><em>causes error</em></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a name="undef-var-test"></a><a href="#undef-var-test-note">undefined variable test</a></td>
<td>exists("x")</td>
<td><span style="color: gray"><em>none</em></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a name="rm-var-binding"></a><a href="#rm-var-binding-note">remove variable binding</a></td>
<td>undefine x</td>
<td><span style="color: gray"><em>none</em></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a name="cond-expr"></a><a href="#cond-expr-note">conditional expression</a><br />
<span style="white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></td>
<td>x > 0 : x : -x</td>
<td>if x > 0 then x else -x</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="3"><a name="arithmetic-logic"></a><a href="#arithmetic-logic-note">arithmetic and logic</a></th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th></th>
<th>gnuplot</th>
<th>glpk</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a name="true-false"></a><a href="#true-false-note">true and false</a><br />
<span style="white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></td>
<td>1 0</td>
<td>1 0<br />
<br />
<span style="color: gray"><em>The boolean values are distinct from the integers 1 and 0. When displayed by</em> printf '%s' <em>they render as</em> T <em>and</em> F. <em>There are no boolean literals, however.</em></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a name="falsehoods"></a><a href="#falsehoods-note">falsehoods</a><br />
<span style="white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></td>
<td>0<br />
<br />
<span style="color: gray">0.0 <em>is true</em></span></td>
<td>0 0.0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a name="logical-op"></a><a href="#logical-op-note">logical operators</a></td>
<td>@@&& </td>
<td> !@</td>
<td>and or not<br />
<br />
@@&& </td>
<td> !@</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a name="relational-op"></a><a href="#relational-op-note">relational operators</a></td>
<td>== != < > <= >=<br />
<br />
<span style="color: gray"># string comparision:</span><br />
eq ne</td>
<td><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">=</span> <> < > <= >=<br />
<br />
== <span style="color: gray">//and//</span> != <span style="color: gray">//are synonyms of//</span> = <span style="color: gray">//and//</span> <> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a name="arith-op"></a><a href="#arith-op-note">arithmetic operators</a> <br />
<br />
<span style="color: gray"><em>addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, modulus</em></span></td>
<td>+ - * / %</td>
<td>+ - * / mod</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a name="int-div"></a><a href="#int-div-note">integer division</a><br />
<span style="white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></td>
<td>int(x) / int(y)</td>
<td>x div y</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a name="int-div-zero"></a><a href="#int-div-zero-note">integer division by zero</a></td>
<td><span style="color: gray"><em>error</em></span></td>
<td><span style="color: gray"><em>error</em></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a name="float-div"></a><a href="#float-div-note">float division</a></td>
<td>(1.0 * x) / y</td>
<td>7 / 3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a name="float-div-zero"></a><a href="#float-div-zero-note">float division by zero</a></td>
<td><span style="color: gray"><em>error</em></span></td>
<td><span style="color: gray"><em>error</em></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a name="power"></a><a href="#power-note">power</a></td>
<td>2 ** 32</td>
<td>2 ^ 32<br />
2 ** 32</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a name="sqrt"></a><a href="#sqrt-note">sqrt</a></td>
<td>sqrt(2)</td>
<td>sqrt(2)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a name="sqrt-negative-one"></a><a href="#sqrt-negative-one-note">sqrt -1</a><br />
<span style="white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></td>
<td><span style="color: gray"># evaluates to {0.0, 1.0}:</span><br />
sqrt(-1) </td>
<td><span style="color: gray"># error:</span><br />
sqrt(-1)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a name="transcendental-func"></a><a href="#transcendental-func-note">transcendental functions</a></td>
<td>exp() log log10()<br />
sin() cos() tan()<br />
asin() acos() atan()<br />
atan2()</td>
<td>exp() log() log10()<br />
sin() cos() <span style="color: gray"><em>none</em></span><br />
<span style="color: gray"><em>none</em></span> <span style="color: gray"><em>none</em></span> atan()<br />
atan(<span style="color: gray"><em>y</em></span>, <span style="color: gray"><em>x</em></span>)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a name="transcendental-const"></a><a href="#transcendental-const-note">transcendental constants</a><br />
<span style="color: gray"><em>e and pi</em></span></td>
<td>exp(1)<br />
pi</td>
<td>exp(1)<br />
4 * atan(1)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a name="float-truncation"></a><a href="#float-truncation-note">float truncation</a><br />
<span style="color: gray"><em>round towards zero, round to nearest integer, round down, round up</em></span></td>
<td>int(x)<br />
<span style="color: gray"><em>??</em></span><br />
floor(x)<br />
ceil(x)</td>
<td>trunc(x)<br />
round(x)<br />
floor(x)<br />
ceil(x)<br />
<br />
<span style="color: gray"># truncate/round to 2 decimal places:</span><br />
trunc(x, 2)<br />
round(x, 2)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a name="absolute-val"></a><a href="#absolute-val-note">absolute value</a><br />
<span style="color: gray"><em>and signum</em></span></td>
<td>abs(x)<br />
sgn(x)</td>
<td>abs(x)<br />
<span style="color: gray"><em>none</em></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a name="int-overflow"></a><a href="#int-overflow-note">integer overflow</a><br />
<span style="white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></td>
<td><span style="color: gray"><em>32 bit signed integers are used. Operations which overflow return a float.</em></span> </td>
<td><span style="color: gray"><em>conversion to float</em></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a name="float-overflow"></a><a href="#float-overflow-note">float overflow</a><br />
<span style="white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></td>
<td><span style="color: gray"><em>64 bit double precision floats are used. Operations which overflow raise an error.</em></span></td>
<td><span style="color: gray"><em>error</em></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a name="complex-construction"></a><a href="#complex-construction-note">complex construction</a><br />
<span style="white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></td>
<td>z = {1.0, 2.0}</td>
<td><span style="color: gray"><em>none</em></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a name="complex-decomposition"></a><a href="#complex-decomposition-note">complex decomposition</a><br />
<span style="color: gray"><em>real and imaginary part, argument and modulus, conjugate</em></span></td>
<td>real(z)<br />
imag(z)<br />
arg(z)<br />
abs(z)<br />
<span style="color: gray"><em>??</em></span></td>
<td><span style="color: gray"><em>none</em></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a name="random-num"></a><a href="#random-num-note">random number</a><br />
<span style="color: gray"><em>uniform integer, uniform float, standard normal</em></span></td>
<td>floor(rand(0) * 100)<br />
rand(0)<br />
<span style="color: gray"><em>none</em></span></td>
<td><span style="color: gray"># Irand224() generates integer in [0, 2^24):</span><br />
Irand224() mod 100<br />
Uniform01()<br />
Normal01()</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a name="random-seed"></a><a href="#random-seed-note">random seed</a></td>
<td>_ = rand(17)</td>
<td>$ glpsol <span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">--</span>seed 17 -m foo.model</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a name="bit-op"></a><a href="#bit-op-note">bit operators</a><br />
<span style="white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></td>
<td><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;"><< >> & | ^ ~</span></td>
<td><span style="color: gray"><em>none</em></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a name="binary-octal-hex-literals"></a><a href="#binary-octal-hex-literals-note">binary, octal, and hex literals</a></td>
<td><span style="color: gray"><em>none</em></span><br />
052<br />
0x2a</td>
<td><span style="color: gray"><em>none</em></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="3"><a name="strings"></a><a href="#strings-note">strings</a></th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th></th>
<th>gnuplot</th>
<th>glpk</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="#string-literals">string literals</a></td>
<td>"don't say \"no\""<br />
'don''t say "no"'</td>
<td>"don't say ""no"""<br />
'don''t say "no"'<br />
<br />
<span style="color: gray"><em>Quotes can be omitted in the data section when the contents of the string are alphanumeric or match the character class</em> [-+_.]</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="#string-newline">newline in literal</a></td>
<td><span style="color: gray"><em>no</em></span></td>
<td><span style="color: gray"><em>no</em></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="#string-escapes">string literal escapes</a></td>
<td><span style="color: gray"># in double quotes:</span><br />
\n \r \t \<span style="color: gray"><em>o</em></span> \<span style="color: gray"><em>oo</em></span> \<span style="color: gray"><em>ooo</em></span></td>
<td><span style="color: gray"># in printf format:</span><br />
\n \t</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="#string-length">length</a></td>
<td>strlen("lorem ipsum")</td>
<td>length("lorem ipsum")</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="#string-concatenate">concatenate</a></td>
<td>"lorem " . "ipsum"</td>
<td>"lorem " & "ipsum"</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="#index-substring">index of substring</a></td>
<td><span style="color: gray"># indices start at 1;<br />
# returns 0 if not found:</span><br />
# strstrt("foo bar", "bar", </td>
<td><span style="color: gray"><em>none</em></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="#extract-substring">extract substring</a></td>
<td>substr("foo bar", 5, 8)</td>
<td>substr("foo bar", 5, 3)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a name="fmt-str"></a><a href="#fmt-str-note">format string</a></td>
<td>sprintf("%d %.2f %s", 7, 3.1415, "foo")</td>
<td><span style="color: gray"><em>none</em></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a name="num-to-str"></a><a href="#num-to-str-note">number to string</a></td>
<td>"foo" . 4</td>
<td><span style="color: gray"><em>none</em></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a name="str-to-num"></a><a href="#str-to-num-note">string to number</a></td>
<td>"4" + 7<br />
<br />
<span style="color: gray"># causes error:</span><br />
"foo" + 7</td>
<td><span style="color: gray"><em>none</em></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="3"><a name="dates-time"></a><a href="#dates-time-note">dates and time</a></th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th></th>
<th>gnuplot</th>
<th>glpk</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a name="current-time-unix-epoch"></a><a href="#current-time-unix-epoch-note">current time as unix epoch</a></td>
<td><span style="color: gray"># seconds since Jan 1, 2000</span><br />
<span style="color: gray"># add 946684800.0 to get unix epoch:</span><br />
now = time(0)<br />
<br />
<span style="color: gray"># as float:</span><br />
real_now = time(0.0)</td>
<td>gmtime()</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a name="fmt-time"></a><a href="#fmt-time-note">format time</a></td>
<td>strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S', now)</td>
<td>time2str(gmtime(), '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S')</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a name="parse-time"></a><a href="#parse-time-note">parse time</a></td>
<td>s = "2014-11-30 03:53:59"<br />
t = strptime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S', s)</td>
<td>str2time("2014-12-01 19:38:09", "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S")</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a name="sleep"></a><a href="#sleep-note">sleep</a></td>
<td>pause 10<br />
<br />
<span style="color: gray"># with message:</span><br />
pause 10 'sleeping 10s<span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">...</span>'</td>
<td><span style="color: gray"><em>none</em></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="3"><a name="multidimensional-arrays"></a><a href="#multidimensional-arrays-note">multidimensional arrays</a></th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th></th>
<th>gnuplot</th>
<th>glpk</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>2d literal</td>
<td><span style="color: gray"><em>in separate file; one line for each data point; whitespace delimited:</em></span><br />
<br />
$ cat data.txt<br />
7 8<br />
9 10<br />
11 12</td>
<td><span style="color: gray"># declare in model section:</span><br />
param a {1..2, 1..2};<br />
<br />
<span style="color: gray"># define in data section:</span><br />
param a: 1<span style="white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>2 :=<br />
<span style="white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>1<span style="white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>7<span style="white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>8<br />
<span style="white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>2<span style="white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>9 10;</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>3d literal</td>
<td><span style="color: gray"><em>in separate file; one line for each data point:</em></span><br />
<br />
$ cat data.txt<br />
# city data:<br />
"Los Angeles" 3 7<br />
"New York" 8 4<br />
"San Francisco" 12 1<br />
<br />
<span style="color: gray"><em>comment lines are ignored; data which contains whitespace must be quoted</em></span></td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="3"><a name="sets"></a><a href="#sets-note">sets</a></th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th></th>
<th>gnuplot</th>
<th>glpk</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>literal</td>
<td> </td>
<td>set digits := {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>set from arithmetic sequence<br />
<br />
<span style="color: gray"><em>unit difference, non-unit difference</em></span></td>
<td> </td>
<td>set digits := {1 .. 5};<br />
<br />
set leap_years := {2000 .. 2096 by 4};</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>membership</td>
<td> </td>
<td>set s := {1, 2, 3};<br />
set str := if 4 in s then 'yes' else 'no';</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>intersection</td>
<td> </td>
<td>set s1 := {1, 2, 3};<br />
set s2 := {2, 3, 4, 5};<br />
<br />
set s3 := s1 inter s2;</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>union</td>
<td> </td>
<td>set s3 := s1 union s2;</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>relative complement, symmetric difference</td>
<td> </td>
<td>set s3 := s1 diff s2;<br />
set s4 := s1 symdiff s2;</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>cartesian product</td>
<td> </td>
<td><span style="color: gray"># 12 pairs:</span><br />
set s3 := s1 cross s2;</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>map</td>
<td> </td>
<td>set s := 1 .. 10;<br />
set squares := setof {i in s} i * i;</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>reduce</td>
<td> </td>
<td>set s := 1 .. 10;<br />
<br />
param n1 := min {i in s} i;<span style="white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="color: gray"># 1</span><br />
param n2 := max {i in s} i;<span style="white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="color: gray"># 10</span><br />
param n3 := sum {i in s} i;<span style="white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="color: gray"># 55</span><br />
param n4 := prod {i in s} i;<span style="white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="color: gray"># 10!</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: gray"># sum of squares:</span><br />
param n5 := sum {i in s} i * i;</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>universal test</td>
<td> </td>
<td>set str1 := if (forall {i in s} i > 5) then 'yes' else 'no';</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>existential test</td>
<td> </td>
<td>set str2 = if (exists {i in s} i > 5) then 'yes' else 'no';</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="3"><a name="functions"></a><a href="#functions-note">functions</a></th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th></th>
<th>gnuplot</th>
<th>glpk</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="#function-definition">define function</a></td>
<td><span style="color: gray"># body of function must be an expression:</span><br />
add(x, y) = x + y</td>
<td><span style="color: gray"><em>none</em></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="#function-invocation">invoke function</a></td>
<td>add(3, 7)</td>
<td><span style="color: gray"><em>none</em></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="#list-functions">list functions</a></td>
<td>show functions</td>
<td><span style="color: gray"><em>none</em></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a name="missing-arg"></a><a href="#missing-arg-note">missing argument behavior</a></td>
<td><span style="color: gray"><em>error</em></span></td>
<td><span style="color: gray"><em>none</em></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a name="extra-arg"></a><a href="#extra-arg-note">extra argument behavior</a></td>
<td><span style="color: gray"><em>error</em></span></td>
<td><span style="color: gray"><em>none</em></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="#return-value">return value</a></td>
<td><span style="color: gray"><em>value of the expression which is the function body</em></span></td>
<td><span style="color: gray"><em>none</em></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="3"><a name="execution-control"></a><a href="#execution-control-note">execution control</a></th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th></th>
<th>gnuplot</th>
<th>glpk</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="#if">if</a></td>
<td>if (x > 0) {<br />
<span style="white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>print "positive"<br />
}<br />
else {<br />
<span style="white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>if (x < 0) {<br />
<span style="white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>print "negative"<br />
<span style="white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>}<br />
<span style="white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>else {<br />
<span style="white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>print "zero"<br />
<span style="white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>}<br />
}</td>
<td><span style="color: gray"><em>none</em></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="#while">while</a></td>
<td>i = 0<br />
<br />
while (i < 10) {<br />
<span style="white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>print i<br />
<span style="white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>i = i + 1<br />
}</td>
<td><span style="color: gray"><em>none</em></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="#for">for</a></td>
<td>do for [i = 1:10] {<br />
<span style="white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>print i<br />
}</td>
<td>for {i in {1..10<br />
{<br />
<span style="white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>printf "%d\n", i;<br />
}</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>break continue</td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>raise exception</td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="3"><a name="file-handles"></a><a href="#file-handles-note">file handles</a></th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th></th>
<th>gnuplot</th>
<th>glpk</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>write line to stdout</td>
<td>print "Hello, World!"</td>
<td>printf "Hello, World!\n";</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>write formatted string to stdout</td>
<td> </td>
<td>printf "%d %.2f %s", 7, 3.1415, 'foo';</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>write to file</td>
<td> </td>
<td><span style="color: gray"># overwrites contents of /tmp/foo.txt:</span><br />
printf "lorem ispum" > "/tmp/foo.txt";</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>append to file</td>
<td> </td>
<td>printf "dolor sit amet" <span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">>></span> "/tmp/foo.txt";</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>pretty print</td>
<td> </td>
<td>set s := {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};<br />
param x := 3;<br />
param str symbolic := 'lorem ispum';<br />
<br />
display "set: ", s,<br />
<span style="white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>"param: ", x,<br />
<span style="white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>"string: ", str;</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="3"><a name="directories"></a><a href="#directories-note">directories</a></th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th></th>
<th>gnuplot</th>
<th>glpk</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>working directory</td>
<td><span style="color: gray"># writes working dir to stdout:</span><br />
pwd<br />
<br />
cd "/tmp"</td>
<td><span style="color: gray"><em>none</em></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="3"><a name="libraries-namespaces"></a><a href="#libraries-namespaces-note">libraries and namespaces</a></th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th></th>
<th>gnuplot</th>
<th>glpk</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="#load">load</a></td>
<td>$ cat foo.gnuplot<br />
print "loaded!"<br />
<br />
$ cat main.gnuplot<br />
load 'foo.gnuplot'<br />
<br />
$ gnuplot main.gnuplot<br />
loaded!</td>
<td><span style="color: gray"><em>none</em></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="3"><a name="processes-environment"></a><a href="#processes-environment-note">processes and environment</a></th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th></th>
<th>gnuplot</th>
<th>glpk</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a name="cmd-line-arg"></a><a href="#cmd-line-arg-note">command line arguments</a></td>
<td>$ cat test.gnuplot<br />
print foo<br />
print bar<br />
<br />
$ gnuplot -e 'foo=3; bar=4' test.gnuplot</td>
<td><span style="color: gray"><em>none</em></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a name="exit"></a><a href="#exit-note">exit</a></td>
<td><span style="color: gray"># no way to set exit status:</span><br />
exit<br />
<br />
<span style="color: gray"># or:</span><br />
quit</td>
<td><span style="color: gray"><em>none</em></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a name="cmd-subst"></a><a href="#cmd-subst-note">command substitution</a></td>
<td>ls_output = system("ls")</td>
<td><span style="color: gray"><em>none</em></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="3"><a name="optimization"></a><a href="#optimization-note">optimization</a></th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th></th>
<th>gnuplot</th>
<th>glpk</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a name="linear-min"></a><a href="#linear-min-note">linear minimization</a></td>
<td> </td>
<td>var x1;<br />
var x2;<br />
var x3;<br />
<br />
minimize obj: x1 + x2 + x3;<br />
<br />
c1: x1 + x2 >= 1;<br />
c2: x2 + x3 >= 1;<br />
c3: x1 + x3 >= 1;<br />
<br />
solve;<br />
display obj, x1, x2, x3;<br />
end;</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a name="decision-var-array"></a><a href="#decision-vary-array-note">decision variable array</a></td>
<td> </td>
<td>set I := {1 .. 3};<br />
var x{I};<br />
<br />
minimize obj: sum{i in I} x[i];<br />
<br />
c1: x[1] + x[2] >= 1;<br />
c2: x[2] + x[3] >= 1;<br />
c3: x[1] + x[3] >= 1;<br />
<br />
solve;<br />
display obj, x;<br />
end;</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a name="linear-max"></a><a href="#linear-max-note">linear maximization</a></td>
<td> </td>
<td>set I := {1 .. 3};<br />
var x{I};<br />
<br />
maximize obj: sum{i in I} x[i];<br />
<br />
c1: x[1] + x[2] <= 1;<br />
c2: x[2] + x[3] <= 1;<br />
c3: x[1] + x[3] <= 1;<br />
<br />
solve;<br />
display obj, x;<br />
end;</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a name="var-declaration-constraint"></a><a href="#var-declaration-constraint-note">constraint in variable declaration</a></td>
<td> </td>
<td>set I := {1 .. 3};<br />
var x{I} >= 0;<br />
<br />
minimize obj: sum{i in I} x[i];<br />
<br />
c1: -x[1] + x[2] >= 1;<br />
c2: x[2] + x[3] >= 1;<br />
c3: -x[1] + x[3] >= 1;<br />
<br />
solve;<br />
display obj, x;<br />
end;</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a name="opt-unbounded-behavior"></a><a href="#opt-unbounded-behavior-note">unbounded behavior</a><br />
<span style="white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></td>
<td> </td>
<td><span style="color: gray"># Stops execution after solve statement with "LP HAS UNBOUNDED PRIMAL SOLUTION" message.</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a name="opt-infeasible-behavior"></a><a href="#opt-infeasible-behavior-note">infeasible behavior</a></td>
<td> </td>
<td><span style="color: gray"># Stops execution after solve statement with "LP HAS NO PRIMAL FEASIBLE SOLUTION" message.</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a name="int-decision-var"></a><a href="#int-decision-var-note">integer decision variable</a></td>
<td> </td>
<td>set I := {1 .. 3};<br />
var x{I} integer;<br />
<br />
minimize obj: sum{i in I} x[i];<br />
<br />
c1: x[1] + x[2] >= 1;<br />
c2: x[2] + x[3] >= 1;<br />
c3: x[1] + x[3] >= 1;<br />
<br />
solve;<br />
display obj, x;<br />
end;</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a name="int-binary-var"></a><a href="#int-binary-var-note">binary decision variable</a></td>
<td> </td>
<td>set I := {1 .. 3};<br />
var x{I} binary;<br />
<br />
minimize obj: sum{i in I} x[i];<br />
<br />
c1: x[1] + x[2] >= 1;<br />
c2: x[2] + x[3] >= 1;<br />
c3: x[1] + x[3] >= 1;<br />
<br />
solve;<br />
display obj, x;<br />
end;</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="3"><a name="linear-regression"></a><a href="#linear-regression-note">linear regression</a></th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th></th>
<th>gnuplot</th>
<th>glpk</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="3"><a name="bar-charts"></a><a href="#bar-charts-note">bar charts</a></th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th></th>
<th>gnuplot</th>
<th>glpk</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a name="vertical-bar-chart"></a><img src="http://cdn.hyperpolyglot.org/images/vertical-bar-chart.jpg" alt="http://cdn.hyperpolyglot.org/images/vertical-bar-chart.jpg" class="image" /><br />
<a href="#vertical-bar-chart-note">vertical bar chart</a></td>
<td><span style="color: gray"># echo $'7\n3\n8\n5\n5' > data.txt</span><br />
<br />
set terminal png size 400,300<br />
set output "barchart.png"<br />
set boxwidth 0.9<br />
set style fill solid 1.0<br />
plot [0:6] [0:9] "data.txt" \<br />
<span style="white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>using 0:1 notitle with boxes</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a name="horizontal-bar-chart"></a><img src="http://cdn.hyperpolyglot.org/images/horizontal-bar-chart.jpg" alt="http://cdn.hyperpolyglot.org/images/horizontal-bar-chart.jpg" class="image" /><br />
<a href="#horizontal-bar-chart-note">horizontal bar chart</a></td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a name="stacked-bar-chart"></a><img src="http://cdn.hyperpolyglot.org/images/stacked-bar-chart.jpg" alt="http://cdn.hyperpolyglot.org/images/stacked-bar-chart.jpg" class="image" /><br />
<a href="#stacked-bar-chart-note">stacked bar chart</a></td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a name="grouped-bar-chart"></a><img src="http://cdn.hyperpolyglot.org/images/grouped-bar-chart.jpg" alt="http://cdn.hyperpolyglot.org/images/grouped-bar-chart.jpg" class="image" /><br />
<a href="#grouped-bar-chart-note">grouped bar chart</a></td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a name="pie-chart"></a><img src="http://cdn.hyperpolyglot.org/images/pie-chart.jpg" alt="http://cdn.hyperpolyglot.org/images/pie-chart.jpg" class="image" /><br />
<a href="#pie-chart-note">pie chart</a></td>
<td><span style="color: gray"><em>see note</em></span></td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a name="histogram"></a><img src="http://cdn.hyperpolyglot.org/images/histogram.jpg" alt="http://cdn.hyperpolyglot.org/images/histogram.jpg" class="image" /><br />
<a href="#histogram-note">histogram</a></td>
<td><span style="color: gray"># awk '{ print length($0)}' /usr/share/dict/words > hist.txt</span><br />
<br />
set terminal png size 400,300<br />
set output "histogram.png"<br />
binwidth=1<br />
bin(x,width)=width*floor(x/width)<br />
unset key<br />
plot "hist.txt" \<br />
<span style="white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>using (bin($1,binwidth)):(1.0) \<br />
<span style="white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>smooth freq with boxes</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a name="box-plot"></a><img src="http://cdn.hyperpolyglot.org/images/box-plot.jpg" alt="http://cdn.hyperpolyglot.org/images/box-plot.jpg" class="image" /><br />
<a href="#box-plot">box plot</a></td>
<td><span style="color: gray"># seq 100 | awk '{print rand() ** 3}' > data.txt</span><br />
<br />
set terminal png size 400,300<br />
set output "boxplot.png"<br />
set style boxplot outliers pointtype 7<br />
set style data boxplot<br />
set boxwidth 0.2<br />
plot [0.5:1.5] [0.0:1.1] "data.txt" \<br />
<span style="white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>using (1.0):1:(0.3) notitle</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="3"><a name="scatter-plots"></a><a href="#scatter-plots-note">scatter plots</a></th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th></th>
<th>gnuplot</th>
<th>glpk</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a name="scatter-plot"></a><img src="http://cdn.hyperpolyglot.org/images/scatter-plot.jpg" alt="http://cdn.hyperpolyglot.org/images/scatter-plot.jpg" class="image" /><br />
<a href="#scatter-plot-note">scatter plot</a></td>
<td><span style="color: gray"># seq 50 | awk '{x=rand(); print x,x+rand()}' > data.txt</span><br />
<br />
set terminal png size 400,300<br />
set output "scatter.png"<br />
unset key<br />
plot "data.txt"</td>