Add CI probe for Turso correlated-subquery-in-derived-table bug

Reproduce testInformationSchemaTablesFilterByAutoIncrement's bug
shape minimally and try several workarounds:

  - baseline: correlated subq, no derived-table wrap (sanity check)
  - derived-table wrap + WHERE on alias (the failing shape)
  - same + length() trick to force outer ref into inner WHERE
  - same + outer col added to inner SELECT via zero-arith
  - same + outer col concatenated into a separate alias
  - JOIN form (same shape as my failed translate_table_ref attempt)

Probe is informational; if any variant returns the correct rows we
have a candidate fix that doesn't need to touch translate_table_ref's
overall shape.

Author: JanJakes

.github/workflows/phpunit-tests-turso.yml

@@ -1007,6 +1007,52 @@ jobs:
               unset($pdo);
           }
 
+      - name: Probe Turso correlated subquery in derived-table SELECT list
+        continue-on-error: true
+        env:
+          LD_PRELOAD: ${{ steps.preload.outputs.value }}
+        run: |
+          php <<'PHP'
+          <?php
+          // Minimal repro of testInformationSchemaTablesFilterByAutoIncrement.
+          // Verify whether Turso correctly evaluates a correlated subquery
+          // alias inside a derived-table SELECT list when the outer query
+          // applies WHERE on the alias.
+          $pdo = new PDO('sqlite::memory:');
+          $pdo->setAttribute(PDO::ATTR_ERRMODE, PDO::ERRMODE_EXCEPTION);
+          $pdo->exec('CREATE TABLE outer_t (id INT, name TEXT)');
+          $pdo->exec('CREATE TABLE inner_t (parent_name TEXT, value INT)');
+          $pdo->exec("INSERT INTO outer_t VALUES (1,'a'), (2,'b'), (3,'c')");
+          $pdo->exec("INSERT INTO inner_t VALUES ('a',10), ('b',20), ('c',30)");
+
+          $cases = [
+              'baseline: correlated subq, no derived-table wrap' =>
+                  "SELECT id, (SELECT value FROM inner_t WHERE parent_name = outer_t.name) AS v FROM outer_t WHERE (SELECT value FROM inner_t WHERE parent_name = outer_t.name) > 15",
+              'derived-table wrap + WHERE on alias' =>
+                  "SELECT id FROM (SELECT id, name, (SELECT value FROM inner_t WHERE parent_name = outer_t.name) AS v FROM outer_t) WHERE v > 15",
+              'derived-table + WHERE on alias + outer col aliased in inner WHERE (length trick)' =>
+                  "SELECT id FROM (SELECT id, name, (SELECT value FROM inner_t WHERE parent_name = outer_t.name AND length(outer_t.name) > 0) AS v FROM outer_t) WHERE v > 15",
+              'derived-table + WHERE on alias + outer col added in inner SELECT (zero arith)' =>
+                  "SELECT id FROM (SELECT id, name, (SELECT value + (length(outer_t.name) - length(outer_t.name)) FROM inner_t WHERE parent_name = outer_t.name) AS v FROM outer_t) WHERE v > 15",
+              'derived-table + WHERE on alias + outer col combined into expression' =>
+                  "SELECT id FROM (SELECT id, name, (SELECT value || '|' || outer_t.name FROM inner_t WHERE parent_name = outer_t.name) AS combined, (SELECT value FROM inner_t WHERE parent_name = outer_t.name) AS v FROM outer_t) WHERE v > 15",
+              'derived-table + WHERE on alias + recreate as JOIN form' =>
+                  "SELECT id FROM (SELECT outer_t.id, outer_t.name, inner_t.value AS v FROM outer_t LEFT JOIN inner_t ON inner_t.parent_name = outer_t.name) WHERE v > 15",
+          ];
+          foreach ($cases as $label => $sql) {
+              try {
+                  $rows = $pdo->query($sql)->fetchAll(PDO::FETCH_NUM);
+                  $ids = array_column($rows, 0);
+                  sort($ids);
+                  $got = json_encode($ids);
+                  $expected = '[2,3]';
+                  $tag = $got === $expected ? 'OK  ' : 'BUG ';
+                  echo "$tag $label  got=$got expected=$expected\n";
+              } catch (Throwable $e) {
+                  echo "FAIL $label -> " . $e->getMessage() . "\n";
+              }
+          }
+
       - name: Install Composer dependencies (root)
         uses: ramsey/composer-install@v3
         with: