diff --git a/.buildkite/commands/setup_windows_code_signing.ps1 b/.buildkite/commands/setup_windows_code_signing.ps1
index 4fa8af1..9f9282a 100755
--- a/.buildkite/commands/setup_windows_code_signing.ps1
+++ b/.buildkite/commands/setup_windows_code_signing.ps1
@@ -7,6 +7,68 @@
 # Windows AMI as of a8c-ci-toolkit 6.0.0, so there is no separate host-preparation step.
 
 $ErrorActionPreference = "Stop"
+Set-StrictMode -Version Latest
 
 & "setup_azure_trusted_signing.ps1"
 if ($LASTEXITCODE -ne 0) { exit $LASTEXITCODE }
+
+function Assert-SigningToolIntegrity {
+    param (
+        [Parameter(Mandatory = $true)]
+        [string]$Path,
+        [Parameter(Mandatory = $true)]
+        [string]$Description,
+        [Parameter(Mandatory = $true)]
+        [string]$ExpectedSha256EnvVar
+    )
+
+    if ([string]::IsNullOrWhiteSpace($Path)) {
+        Write-Host "[!] $Description path is not set."
+        exit 1
+    }
+
+    if (-not (Test-Path -LiteralPath $Path)) {
+        Write-Host "[!] $Description was not found at $Path."
+        exit 1
+    }
+
+    $expectedSha256 = [Environment]::GetEnvironmentVariable($ExpectedSha256EnvVar)
+    if (-not [string]::IsNullOrWhiteSpace($expectedSha256)) {
+        $actualSha256 = (Get-FileHash -LiteralPath $Path -Algorithm SHA256).Hash
+        if ($actualSha256 -ne $expectedSha256.Trim().ToUpperInvariant()) {
+            Write-Host "[!] $Description SHA256 mismatch."
+            Write-Host "Expected: $($expectedSha256.Trim().ToUpperInvariant())"
+            Write-Host "Actual:   $actualSha256"
+            exit 1
+        }
+
+        Write-Host "$Description SHA256 matched $ExpectedSha256EnvVar."
+        return
+    }
+
+    $signature = Get-AuthenticodeSignature -FilePath $Path
+    if ($signature.Status -ne "Valid" -or $null -eq $signature.SignerCertificate) {
+        Write-Host "[!] $Description does not have a valid Authenticode signature."
+        Write-Host "Status: $($signature.Status)"
+        exit 1
+    }
+
+    $subject = $signature.SignerCertificate.Subject
+    if ($subject.IndexOf("Microsoft", [System.StringComparison]::OrdinalIgnoreCase) -lt 0) {
+        Write-Host "[!] $Description is not signed by an expected Microsoft certificate."
+        Write-Host "Actual signer subject: $subject"
+        exit 1
+    }
+
+    Write-Host "$Description Authenticode signature is valid: $subject"
+}
+
+Assert-SigningToolIntegrity `
+    -Path $env:SIGNTOOL_PATH `
+    -Description "signtool.exe" `
+    -ExpectedSha256EnvVar "WINDOWS_SIGNTOOL_SHA256"
+
+Assert-SigningToolIntegrity `
+    -Path $env:AZURE_CODE_SIGNING_DLIB `
+    -Description "Azure Trusted Signing DLib" `
+    -ExpectedSha256EnvVar "AZURE_CODE_SIGNING_DLIB_SHA256"
diff --git a/.buildkite/commands/verify_windows_signature.ps1 b/.buildkite/commands/verify_windows_signature.ps1
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..c5e8cf2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.buildkite/commands/verify_windows_signature.ps1
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+$ErrorActionPreference = "Stop"
+Set-StrictMode -Version Latest
+
+$artifacts = @(Get-ChildItem -Path "dist\*.exe" -File -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue)
+if ($artifacts.Count -eq 0) {
+    Write-Host "[!] No Windows .exe artifacts found in dist."
+    exit 1
+}
+
+if ([string]::IsNullOrWhiteSpace($env:SIGNTOOL_PATH)) {
+    Write-Host "[!] SIGNTOOL_PATH is not set."
+    exit 1
+}
+
+if ([string]::IsNullOrWhiteSpace($env:WINDOWS_EXPECTED_SIGNER_SUBJECT)) {
+    Write-Host "[!] WINDOWS_EXPECTED_SIGNER_SUBJECT must be set to verify the artifact signer identity."
+    exit 1
+}
+
+foreach ($artifact in $artifacts) {
+    Write-Host "Verifying Authenticode signature for $($artifact.FullName)"
+    & $env:SIGNTOOL_PATH verify /pa /v $artifact.FullName
+    if ($LASTEXITCODE -ne 0) { exit $LASTEXITCODE }
+
+    $signature = Get-AuthenticodeSignature -FilePath $artifact.FullName
+    if ($signature.Status -ne "Valid" -or $null -eq $signature.SignerCertificate) {
+        Write-Host "[!] $($artifact.Name) does not have a valid Authenticode signature."
+        Write-Host "Status: $($signature.Status)"
+        exit 1
+    }
+
+    $actualSubject = $signature.SignerCertificate.Subject
+    if ($actualSubject.IndexOf($env:WINDOWS_EXPECTED_SIGNER_SUBJECT.Trim(), [System.StringComparison]::OrdinalIgnoreCase) -lt 0) {
+        Write-Host "[!] $($artifact.Name) was not signed by the expected subject."
+        Write-Host "Expected subject to contain: $($env:WINDOWS_EXPECTED_SIGNER_SUBJECT.Trim())"
+        Write-Host "Actual signer subject:       $actualSubject"
+        exit 1
+    }
+
+    if (-not [string]::IsNullOrWhiteSpace($env:WINDOWS_EXPECTED_SIGNER_ISSUER)) {
+        $actualIssuer = $signature.SignerCertificate.Issuer
+        if ($actualIssuer.IndexOf($env:WINDOWS_EXPECTED_SIGNER_ISSUER.Trim(), [System.StringComparison]::OrdinalIgnoreCase) -lt 0) {
+            Write-Host "[!] $($artifact.Name) was not signed by the expected issuer."
+            Write-Host "Expected issuer to contain: $($env:WINDOWS_EXPECTED_SIGNER_ISSUER.Trim())"
+            Write-Host "Actual signer issuer:       $actualIssuer"
+            exit 1
+        }
+    }
+
+    Write-Host "$($artifact.Name) signer identity verified."
+}
diff --git a/.buildkite/pipeline.yml b/.buildkite/pipeline.yml
index b366475..3b3c789 100644
--- a/.buildkite/pipeline.yml
+++ b/.buildkite/pipeline.yml
@@ -9,20 +9,31 @@ steps:
     agents: { queue: windows }
     plugins: [$CI_TOOLKIT, $NVM_PLUGIN]
     command: |
+      $ErrorActionPreference = "Stop"
+
+      function Invoke-NativeCommand {
+        param (
+          [Parameter(Mandatory = $true)]
+          [string]$FilePath,
+          [Parameter(ValueFromRemainingArguments = $true)]
+          [string[]]$ArgumentList
+        )
+
+        & $FilePath @ArgumentList
+        if ($LASTEXITCODE -ne 0) { exit $LASTEXITCODE }
+      }
+
       echo "~~~ Setup code signing"
       .buildkite/commands/setup_windows_code_signing.ps1
 
       echo "~~~ Install dependencies"
-      bash .buildkite/commands/install_node_dependencies.sh
+      Invoke-NativeCommand bash .buildkite/commands/install_node_dependencies.sh
 
       echo "~~~ Build Windows artifact"
-      npm run dist:win
+      Invoke-NativeCommand npm run dist:win
 
       echo "~~~ Verify Azure Trusted Signing signature"
-      Get-ChildItem dist\*.exe | ForEach-Object {
-        & $env:SIGNTOOL_PATH verify /pa /v $_.FullName
-        if ($LASTEXITCODE -ne 0) { exit $LASTEXITCODE }
-      }
+      .buildkite/commands/verify_windows_signature.ps1
     artifact_paths:
       - dist\*.exe
     notify: