diff --git a/java-class-name-tests/src/test/scala/cli/javaclassname/JavaClassNameTests.scala b/java-class-name-tests/src/test/scala/cli/javaclassname/JavaClassNameTests.scala
index 5843f21..fdb67d8 100644
--- a/java-class-name-tests/src/test/scala/cli/javaclassname/JavaClassNameTests.scala
+++ b/java-class-name-tests/src/test/scala/cli/javaclassname/JavaClassNameTests.scala
@@ -216,4 +216,43 @@ class JavaClassNameTests extends munit.FunSuite {
     assertEquals(extractClassName("Main.java", content), "Main")
   }
 
+  // Java 21+ compact source files (JEP 445/463/512) have no
+  // top-level type, so `javac` names the implicit class after the source file.
+  test("unnamed class with top-level main") {
+    val content =
+      """String greeting = "hi";
+        |
+        |void main() {
+        |  System.out.println(greeting);
+        |}
+        |""".stripMargin
+    assertEquals(extractClassName("Unnamed.java", content), "Unnamed")
+  }
+
+  test("unnamed class with a helper class and a record after main") {
+    val content =
+      """import java.util.List;
+        |
+        |void main() {
+        |  System.out.println(new Helper().greet(List.of(new Pair(1, "a"))));
+        |}
+        |
+        |class Helper {
+        |  String greet(List<Pair> ps) { return "hi " + ps; }
+        |}
+        |
+        |record Pair(int n, String s) {}
+        |""".stripMargin
+    assertEquals(extractClassName("WithHelpers.java", content), "WithHelpers")
+  }
+
+  test("unnamed class with a field before main") {
+    val content =
+      """static final int N = 1;
+        |String greeting = "hi";
+        |void main() { System.out.println(greeting + N); }
+        |""".stripMargin
+    assertEquals(extractClassName("FieldFirst.java", content), "FieldFirst")
+  }
+
 }
diff --git a/java-class-name/src/scala/cli/javaclassname/JavaClassName.scala b/java-class-name/src/scala/cli/javaclassname/JavaClassName.scala
index 943701d..aa2d0c9 100644
--- a/java-class-name/src/scala/cli/javaclassname/JavaClassName.scala
+++ b/java-class-name/src/scala/cli/javaclassname/JavaClassName.scala
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ object JavaClassName {
         sys.exit(1)
     }
     val content      = Files.readAllBytes(p)
-    val classNameOpt = JavaParser.parseRootPublicClassName(content)
+    val classNameOpt = JavaParser.rootClassName(content, p.getFileName.toString)
     for (className <- classNameOpt)
       println(className)
   }
diff --git a/java-class-name/src/scala/cli/javaclassname/JavaParser.scala b/java-class-name/src/scala/cli/javaclassname/JavaParser.scala
index 1efe927..78dd4e0 100644
--- a/java-class-name/src/scala/cli/javaclassname/JavaParser.scala
+++ b/java-class-name/src/scala/cli/javaclassname/JavaParser.scala
@@ -23,6 +23,24 @@ object JavaParser {
       extends OutlineJavaParser(source) {
     override def ObjectTpt(): untpd.Tree = javaLangDot(tpnme.Object)
 
+    /** Set when the source is a Java 21+ compact source file (JEP 512, formerly "unnamed classes"):
+      * top-level fields / methods with no enclosing type, which `javac` wraps in an implicit class
+      * named after the source file.
+      */
+    var isCompactUnit: Boolean = false
+
+    /** Type bodies are skipped by `typeBody` (and our `enumDecl`), so the stock parser only calls
+      * `termDecl` for top-level members of compact source files. The stock implementation types
+      * `void` via `defn.UnitType` and crashes with an NPE, and `compilationUnit` returns
+      * `EmptyTree` for compact units anyway. We don't need the members, so we flag the unit as
+      * compact and skip to the end of the source.
+      */
+    override def termDecl(start: Int, mods: untpd.Modifiers, parentToken: Int): List[untpd.Tree] = {
+      isCompactUnit = true
+      while in.token != JavaTokens.EOF do in.nextToken()
+      List(untpd.EmptyTree) // non-empty, so `compilationUnit` treats the unit as compact
+    }
+
     /** Primitive types show up in record headers (and method signatures), e.g. `record R(int a)`.
       * The stock implementation resolves them via `defn.IntType` & co, which crashes with an NPE
       * without initialized definitions. We only need class names, so any untyped placeholder tree
@@ -63,12 +81,23 @@ object JavaParser {
     ): untpd.Template = super.makeTemplate(parents, stats, tparams, needsDummyConstr = false)
   }
 
-  private def parseOutline(byteContent: Array[Byte]): untpd.Tree = {
+  private enum Outline {
+    case Types(stats: List[untpd.Tree])
+    case Compact
+  }
+
+  private def parseOutline(byteContent: Array[Byte]): Outline = {
     given Context     = ContextBase().initialCtx.fresh
     val virtualFile   = VirtualFile("placeholder.java", byteContent)
     val sourceFile    = SourceFile(virtualFile, Codec.UTF8)
     val outlineParser = UntypedOutlineJavaParser(sourceFile)
-    outlineParser.parse()
+    val tree          = outlineParser.parse()
+    if outlineParser.isCompactUnit then Outline.Compact
+    else
+      Outline.Types(tree match {
+        case pd: Trees.PackageDef[_] => pd.stats
+        case _                       => Nil
+      })
   }
 
   extension (mdef: untpd.DefTree) {
@@ -82,13 +111,24 @@ object JavaParser {
       mdef.mods.privateWithin.isEmpty && !mdef.mods.isOneOf(Flags.Private | Flags.Protected)
   }
 
+  private def publicRootTypeName(stats: List[untpd.Tree]): Option[String] =
+    stats.collectFirst {
+      case mdef: ModuleDef if mdef.isPublic => mdef.name.toString
+    }
+
+  /** The name of the first public top-level type declared in the source, if any. */
   def parseRootPublicClassName(byteContent: Array[Byte]): Option[String] =
-    Option(parseOutline(byteContent))
-      .flatMap {
-        case pd: Trees.PackageDef[_] => Some(pd.stats)
-        case _                       => None
-      }
-      .flatMap(_.collectFirst {
-        case mdef: ModuleDef if mdef.isPublic => mdef.name.toString
-      })
+    parseOutline(byteContent) match {
+      case Outline.Types(stats) => publicRootTypeName(stats)
+      case Outline.Compact      => None
+    }
+
+  /** The class name `javac` would produce a class file for: the first public top-level type, or for
+    * a Java 21+ compact source file (top-level `main` & co, JEP 512) the source file name stem.
+    */
+  def rootClassName(byteContent: Array[Byte], sourceFileName: String): Option[String] =
+    parseOutline(byteContent) match {
+      case Outline.Types(stats) => publicRootTypeName(stats)
+      case Outline.Compact      => Some(sourceFileName.stripSuffix(".java"))
+    }
 }