diff --git a/.github/workflows/release.yml b/.github/workflows/release.yml
index ade8056f5..813b81f6c 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/release.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/release.yml
@@ -14,7 +14,6 @@ permissions:
   contents: read
 
 env:
-  EMULATOR_PACKAGES: adapter-next apple aws clerk core github google microsoft mongoatlas okta posthog resend slack stripe vercel
 
 jobs:
   check-release:
@@ -39,14 +38,6 @@ jobs:
             SHOULD_RELEASE=true
           fi
 
-          for pkg in $EMULATOR_PACKAGES; do
-            REGISTRY_VERSION=$(npm view "@emulators/$pkg" version 2>/dev/null || echo "0.0.0")
-            echo "@emulators/$pkg — local: $LOCAL_VERSION, registry: $REGISTRY_VERSION"
-            if [ "$LOCAL_VERSION" != "$REGISTRY_VERSION" ]; then
-              SHOULD_RELEASE=true
-            fi
-          done
-
           echo "should_release=$SHOULD_RELEASE" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
           echo "version=$LOCAL_VERSION" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
 
@@ -99,12 +90,10 @@ jobs:
             fi
           }
 
+          # The @emulators npm scope belongs to a third party; those workspace
+          # packages are private and bundled into @executor-js/emulate by tsup.
           publish_pkg packages/emulate @executor-js/emulate
 
-          for pkg in $EMULATOR_PACKAGES; do
-            publish_pkg "packages/@emulators/$pkg" "@emulators/$pkg"
-          done
-
           if [ -n "$FAILED" ]; then
             echo "Failed to publish:$FAILED"
             exit 1
diff --git a/packages/@emulators/adapter-next/package.json b/packages/@emulators/adapter-next/package.json
index 27071151e..516d4cb97 100644
--- a/packages/@emulators/adapter-next/package.json
+++ b/packages/@emulators/adapter-next/package.json
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 {
   "name": "@emulators/adapter-next",
   "version": "0.13.8",
+  "private": true,
   "license": "Apache-2.0",
   "type": "module",
   "main": "./dist/index.js",
@@ -21,9 +22,6 @@
   "bugs": {
     "url": "https://github.com/vercel-labs/emulate/issues"
   },
-  "publishConfig": {
-    "access": "public"
-  },
   "files": [
     "dist"
   ],
diff --git a/packages/@emulators/apple/package.json b/packages/@emulators/apple/package.json
index e9c611a3f..a76897718 100644
--- a/packages/@emulators/apple/package.json
+++ b/packages/@emulators/apple/package.json
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 {
   "name": "@emulators/apple",
   "version": "0.13.8",
+  "private": true,
   "license": "Apache-2.0",
   "type": "module",
   "main": "./dist/index.js",
@@ -20,9 +21,6 @@
   "bugs": {
     "url": "https://github.com/vercel-labs/emulate/issues"
   },
-  "publishConfig": {
-    "access": "public"
-  },
   "files": [
     "dist"
   ],
diff --git a/packages/@emulators/autumn/package.json b/packages/@emulators/autumn/package.json
index 952ff2aaf..8cee4a065 100644
--- a/packages/@emulators/autumn/package.json
+++ b/packages/@emulators/autumn/package.json
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 {
   "name": "@emulators/autumn",
   "version": "0.13.8",
+  "private": true,
   "license": "Apache-2.0",
   "type": "module",
   "main": "./dist/index.js",
@@ -20,9 +21,6 @@
   "bugs": {
     "url": "https://github.com/vercel-labs/emulate/issues"
   },
-  "publishConfig": {
-    "access": "public"
-  },
   "files": [
     "dist"
   ],
diff --git a/packages/@emulators/aws/package.json b/packages/@emulators/aws/package.json
index 6a9cc6e4b..2d0861c50 100644
--- a/packages/@emulators/aws/package.json
+++ b/packages/@emulators/aws/package.json
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 {
   "name": "@emulators/aws",
   "version": "0.13.8",
+  "private": true,
   "license": "Apache-2.0",
   "type": "module",
   "main": "./dist/index.js",
@@ -20,9 +21,6 @@
   "bugs": {
     "url": "https://github.com/vercel-labs/emulate/issues"
   },
-  "publishConfig": {
-    "access": "public"
-  },
   "files": [
     "dist"
   ],
diff --git a/packages/@emulators/clerk/package.json b/packages/@emulators/clerk/package.json
index bc941754a..d7931930c 100644
--- a/packages/@emulators/clerk/package.json
+++ b/packages/@emulators/clerk/package.json
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 {
   "name": "@emulators/clerk",
   "version": "0.13.8",
+  "private": true,
   "license": "Apache-2.0",
   "type": "module",
   "main": "./dist/index.js",
@@ -20,9 +21,6 @@
   "bugs": {
     "url": "https://github.com/vercel-labs/emulate/issues"
   },
-  "publishConfig": {
-    "access": "public"
-  },
   "files": [
     "dist"
   ],
diff --git a/packages/@emulators/cloudflare/package.json b/packages/@emulators/cloudflare/package.json
index 8ee14513b..6f585cf5d 100644
--- a/packages/@emulators/cloudflare/package.json
+++ b/packages/@emulators/cloudflare/package.json
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 {
   "name": "@emulators/cloudflare",
   "version": "0.13.8",
+  "private": true,
   "license": "Apache-2.0",
   "type": "module",
   "main": "./dist/index.js",
@@ -14,9 +15,6 @@
       "import": "./dist/worker.js"
     }
   },
-  "publishConfig": {
-    "access": "public"
-  },
   "files": [
     "dist"
   ],
diff --git a/packages/@emulators/core/package.json b/packages/@emulators/core/package.json
index 867899ee9..ed0dd7aac 100644
--- a/packages/@emulators/core/package.json
+++ b/packages/@emulators/core/package.json
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 {
   "name": "@emulators/core",
   "version": "0.13.8",
+  "private": true,
   "license": "Apache-2.0",
   "type": "module",
   "main": "./dist/index.js",
@@ -20,9 +21,6 @@
   "bugs": {
     "url": "https://github.com/vercel-labs/emulate/issues"
   },
-  "publishConfig": {
-    "access": "public"
-  },
   "files": [
     "dist"
   ],
diff --git a/packages/@emulators/github/package.json b/packages/@emulators/github/package.json
index 082101693..03a58d956 100644
--- a/packages/@emulators/github/package.json
+++ b/packages/@emulators/github/package.json
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 {
   "name": "@emulators/github",
   "version": "0.13.8",
+  "private": true,
   "license": "Apache-2.0",
   "type": "module",
   "main": "./dist/index.js",
@@ -20,9 +21,6 @@
   "bugs": {
     "url": "https://github.com/vercel-labs/emulate/issues"
   },
-  "publishConfig": {
-    "access": "public"
-  },
   "files": [
     "dist"
   ],
diff --git a/packages/@emulators/gitlab/package.json b/packages/@emulators/gitlab/package.json
index 35ef01926..fa6acbe10 100644
--- a/packages/@emulators/gitlab/package.json
+++ b/packages/@emulators/gitlab/package.json
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 {
   "name": "@emulators/gitlab",
   "version": "0.13.8",
+  "private": true,
   "license": "Apache-2.0",
   "type": "module",
   "main": "./dist/index.js",
@@ -20,9 +21,6 @@
   "bugs": {
     "url": "https://github.com/vercel-labs/emulate/issues"
   },
-  "publishConfig": {
-    "access": "public"
-  },
   "files": [
     "dist"
   ],
diff --git a/packages/@emulators/google/package.json b/packages/@emulators/google/package.json
index 21668f53d..100440cb1 100644
--- a/packages/@emulators/google/package.json
+++ b/packages/@emulators/google/package.json
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 {
   "name": "@emulators/google",
   "version": "0.13.8",
+  "private": true,
   "license": "Apache-2.0",
   "type": "module",
   "main": "./dist/index.js",
@@ -20,9 +21,6 @@
   "bugs": {
     "url": "https://github.com/vercel-labs/emulate/issues"
   },
-  "publishConfig": {
-    "access": "public"
-  },
   "files": [
     "dist"
   ],
diff --git a/packages/@emulators/mcp/package.json b/packages/@emulators/mcp/package.json
index 46e1256af..00271a659 100644
--- a/packages/@emulators/mcp/package.json
+++ b/packages/@emulators/mcp/package.json
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 {
   "name": "@emulators/mcp",
   "version": "0.13.8",
+  "private": true,
   "license": "Apache-2.0",
   "type": "module",
   "main": "./dist/index.js",
@@ -20,9 +21,6 @@
   "bugs": {
     "url": "https://github.com/vercel-labs/emulate/issues"
   },
-  "publishConfig": {
-    "access": "public"
-  },
   "files": [
     "dist"
   ],
diff --git a/packages/@emulators/microsoft/package.json b/packages/@emulators/microsoft/package.json
index 0d7c53361..c88492d9c 100644
--- a/packages/@emulators/microsoft/package.json
+++ b/packages/@emulators/microsoft/package.json
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 {
   "name": "@emulators/microsoft",
   "version": "0.13.8",
+  "private": true,
   "license": "Apache-2.0",
   "type": "module",
   "main": "./dist/index.js",
@@ -20,9 +21,6 @@
   "bugs": {
     "url": "https://github.com/vercel-labs/emulate/issues"
   },
-  "publishConfig": {
-    "access": "public"
-  },
   "files": [
     "dist"
   ],
diff --git a/packages/@emulators/mongoatlas/package.json b/packages/@emulators/mongoatlas/package.json
index 8bb5463a0..8b6cb0ac8 100644
--- a/packages/@emulators/mongoatlas/package.json
+++ b/packages/@emulators/mongoatlas/package.json
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 {
   "name": "@emulators/mongoatlas",
   "version": "0.13.8",
+  "private": true,
   "license": "Apache-2.0",
   "type": "module",
   "main": "./dist/index.js",
@@ -20,9 +21,6 @@
   "bugs": {
     "url": "https://github.com/vercel-labs/emulate/issues"
   },
-  "publishConfig": {
-    "access": "public"
-  },
   "files": [
     "dist"
   ],
diff --git a/packages/@emulators/okta/package.json b/packages/@emulators/okta/package.json
index a06b8b981..90be39e34 100644
--- a/packages/@emulators/okta/package.json
+++ b/packages/@emulators/okta/package.json
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 {
   "name": "@emulators/okta",
   "version": "0.13.8",
+  "private": true,
   "license": "Apache-2.0",
   "type": "module",
   "main": "./dist/index.js",
@@ -20,9 +21,6 @@
   "bugs": {
     "url": "https://github.com/vercel-labs/emulate/issues"
   },
-  "publishConfig": {
-    "access": "public"
-  },
   "files": [
     "dist"
   ],
diff --git a/packages/@emulators/posthog/package.json b/packages/@emulators/posthog/package.json
index 1ff704b3d..b43e7a9d3 100644
--- a/packages/@emulators/posthog/package.json
+++ b/packages/@emulators/posthog/package.json
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 {
   "name": "@emulators/posthog",
   "version": "0.13.8",
+  "private": true,
   "license": "Apache-2.0",
   "type": "module",
   "main": "./dist/index.js",
@@ -20,9 +21,6 @@
   "bugs": {
     "url": "https://github.com/vercel-labs/emulate/issues"
   },
-  "publishConfig": {
-    "access": "public"
-  },
   "files": [
     "dist"
   ],
diff --git a/packages/@emulators/resend/package.json b/packages/@emulators/resend/package.json
index 0cf6944ae..d2fea0aba 100644
--- a/packages/@emulators/resend/package.json
+++ b/packages/@emulators/resend/package.json
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 {
   "name": "@emulators/resend",
   "version": "0.13.8",
+  "private": true,
   "license": "Apache-2.0",
   "type": "module",
   "main": "./dist/index.js",
@@ -20,9 +21,6 @@
   "bugs": {
     "url": "https://github.com/vercel-labs/emulate/issues"
   },
-  "publishConfig": {
-    "access": "public"
-  },
   "files": [
     "dist"
   ],
diff --git a/packages/@emulators/slack/package.json b/packages/@emulators/slack/package.json
index 43c3017d0..b5b245475 100644
--- a/packages/@emulators/slack/package.json
+++ b/packages/@emulators/slack/package.json
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 {
   "name": "@emulators/slack",
   "version": "0.13.8",
+  "private": true,
   "license": "Apache-2.0",
   "type": "module",
   "main": "./dist/index.js",
@@ -20,9 +21,6 @@
   "bugs": {
     "url": "https://github.com/vercel-labs/emulate/issues"
   },
-  "publishConfig": {
-    "access": "public"
-  },
   "files": [
     "dist"
   ],
diff --git a/packages/@emulators/spotify/package.json b/packages/@emulators/spotify/package.json
index b87bb963f..6a4785e61 100644
--- a/packages/@emulators/spotify/package.json
+++ b/packages/@emulators/spotify/package.json
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 {
   "name": "@emulators/spotify",
   "version": "0.13.8",
+  "private": true,
   "license": "Apache-2.0",
   "type": "module",
   "main": "./dist/index.js",
@@ -11,9 +12,6 @@
       "types": "./dist/index.d.ts"
     }
   },
-  "publishConfig": {
-    "access": "public"
-  },
   "files": [
     "dist"
   ],
diff --git a/packages/@emulators/stripe/package.json b/packages/@emulators/stripe/package.json
index 858d02668..37f904875 100644
--- a/packages/@emulators/stripe/package.json
+++ b/packages/@emulators/stripe/package.json
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 {
   "name": "@emulators/stripe",
   "version": "0.13.8",
+  "private": true,
   "license": "Apache-2.0",
   "type": "module",
   "main": "./dist/index.js",
@@ -20,9 +21,6 @@
   "bugs": {
     "url": "https://github.com/vercel-labs/emulate/issues"
   },
-  "publishConfig": {
-    "access": "public"
-  },
   "files": [
     "dist"
   ],
diff --git a/packages/@emulators/vercel/package.json b/packages/@emulators/vercel/package.json
index 00a83b9e4..ada6ab460 100644
--- a/packages/@emulators/vercel/package.json
+++ b/packages/@emulators/vercel/package.json
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 {
   "name": "@emulators/vercel",
   "version": "0.13.8",
+  "private": true,
   "license": "Apache-2.0",
   "type": "module",
   "main": "./dist/index.js",
@@ -20,9 +21,6 @@
   "bugs": {
     "url": "https://github.com/vercel-labs/emulate/issues"
   },
-  "publishConfig": {
-    "access": "public"
-  },
   "files": [
     "dist"
   ],
diff --git a/packages/@emulators/workos/package.json b/packages/@emulators/workos/package.json
index 6261bf118..3f0094b9e 100644
--- a/packages/@emulators/workos/package.json
+++ b/packages/@emulators/workos/package.json
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 {
   "name": "@emulators/workos",
   "version": "0.13.8",
+  "private": true,
   "license": "Apache-2.0",
   "type": "module",
   "main": "./dist/index.js",
@@ -20,9 +21,6 @@
   "bugs": {
     "url": "https://github.com/vercel-labs/emulate/issues"
   },
-  "publishConfig": {
-    "access": "public"
-  },
   "files": [
     "dist"
   ],
diff --git a/packages/@emulators/x/package.json b/packages/@emulators/x/package.json
index b6dc1db72..2975174da 100644
--- a/packages/@emulators/x/package.json
+++ b/packages/@emulators/x/package.json
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 {
   "name": "@emulators/x",
   "version": "0.13.8",
+  "private": true,
   "license": "Apache-2.0",
   "type": "module",
   "main": "./dist/index.js",
@@ -20,9 +21,6 @@
   "bugs": {
     "url": "https://github.com/vercel-labs/emulate/issues"
   },
-  "publishConfig": {
-    "access": "public"
-  },
   "files": [
     "dist"
   ],