flash sort algorithm added

Author: MrAnishRajwani

sorts/flash_sort.py

@@ -0,0 +1,161 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+"""
+Flash Sort Algorithm Implementation
+
+Flash sort is a distribution sorting algorithm showing linear computational
+complexity O(n) for uniformly distributed datasets and relatively little
+additional memory requirement. The basic idea is to use the distribution
+of the values to be sorted to determine their approximate final positions
+directly, without comparing and moving each element through many intermediate
+positions as done by other algorithms.
+
+The algorithm was developed by Karl-Dietrich Neubert in 1998 and builds upon
+the idea of bucket sort. It works by classifying elements into classes and
+then sorting each class.
+
+Time Complexity:
+- Best Case: O(n) when data is uniformly distributed
+- Average Case: O(n + k) where k is the number of classes
+- Worst Case: O(n²) when data is not uniformly distributed
+
+Space Complexity: O(k) where k is the number of classes
+
+Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flashsort
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+
+def flash_sort(arr: list[int | float]) -> list[int | float]:
+    """
+    Sorts a list using the Flash Sort algorithm.
+
+    Flash sort is particularly efficient for uniformly distributed data.
+    It uses the distribution of values to determine approximate positions.
+
+    Args:
+        arr: List of integers or floats to be sorted
+
+    Returns:
+        Sorted list in ascending order
+
+    Examples:
+    >>> flash_sort([4, 2, 7, 1, 9, 3])
+    [1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 9]
+    >>> flash_sort([])
+    []
+    >>> flash_sort([5])
+    [5]
+    >>> flash_sort([3, 3, 3, 3])
+    [3, 3, 3, 3]
+    >>> flash_sort([-1, -5, 0, 3, 2])
+    [-5, -1, 0, 2, 3]
+    >>> flash_sort([1.5, 2.3, 0.1, 3.7, 1.2])
+    [0.1, 1.2, 1.5, 2.3, 3.7]
+    >>> flash_sort([10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1])
+    [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
+    >>> import random
+    >>> data = random.sample(range(100), 20)
+    >>> flash_sort(data) == sorted(data)
+    True
+    >>> flash_sort([42])
+    [42]
+    >>> flash_sort([2.5, 1.1, 3.3, 2.5, 1.1])
+    [1.1, 1.1, 2.5, 2.5, 3.3]
+    """
+    if len(arr) <= 1:
+        return arr.copy()
+
+    # Create a copy to avoid modifying the original array
+    result = arr.copy()
+    n = len(result)
+
+    # Find min and max values
+    min_val = min(result)
+    max_val = max(result)
+
+    # If all elements are the same, return the array
+    if min_val == max_val:
+        return result
+
+    # Number of classes (buckets) - typically n/10 to n/5 works well
+    m = max(1, int(0.45 * n))
+
+    # Initialize class sizes array
+    class_sizes = [0] * m
+
+    # Calculate class sizes
+    c1 = (m - 1) / (max_val - min_val)
+
+    for value in result:
+        class_index = int(c1 * (value - min_val))
+        if class_index >= m:
+            class_index = m - 1
+        class_sizes[class_index] += 1
+
+    # Calculate cumulative class sizes (positions)
+    for i in range(1, m):
+        class_sizes[i] += class_sizes[i - 1]
+
+    # Permutation phase
+    hold = result[0]
+    j = 0
+    k = m - 1
+
+    while j < n - 1:
+        while j >= class_sizes[k]:
+            k -= 1
+
+        flash = int(c1 * (hold - min_val))
+        if flash >= m:
+            flash = m - 1
+
+        while j < class_sizes[flash]:
+            k = flash
+            class_sizes[k] -= 1
+            result[j], result[class_sizes[k]] = result[class_sizes[k]], result[j]
+            hold = result[j]
+            j += 1
+            flash = int(c1 * (hold - min_val))
+            if flash >= m:
+                flash = m - 1
+
+        j += 1
+        if j < n:
+            hold = result[j]
+
+    # Insertion sort for final sorting within classes
+    for i in range(1, n):
+        key = result[i]
+        j = i - 1
+        while j >= 0 and result[j] > key:
+            result[j + 1] = result[j]
+            j -= 1
+        result[j + 1] = key
+
+    return result
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    from doctest import testmod
+
+    testmod()
+
+    # Additional test cases
+    test_cases: list[list[int | float]] = [
+        [64, 34, 25, 12, 22, 11, 90],
+        [5, 2, 4, 6, 1, 3],
+        [1],
+        [],
+        [3, 3, 3, 3],
+        [-1, -3, 2, 0, -5],
+        [1.1, 2.2, 0.5, 3.3, 1.5]
+    ]
+
+    for test_case in test_cases:
+        sorted_result = flash_sort(test_case)
+        expected = sorted(test_case)
+        assert sorted_result == expected, f"Failed for {test_case}"
+        print(f"✓ {test_case} -> {sorted_result}")
+
+    print("All tests passed!")