feat(maths): add repunit theorem helpers

Author: nickzerjeski

maths/repunit_theorem.py

@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+"""
+Utilities related to repunits and a classical repunit divisibility theorem.
+
+A repunit of length ``k`` is the number made of ``k`` ones:
+``R_k = 11...1``.
+
+For every positive integer ``n`` with ``gcd(n, 10) = 1``,
+there exists a repunit ``R_k`` divisible by ``n``.
+"""
+
+from math import gcd
+
+
+def has_repunit_multiple(divisor: int) -> bool:
+    """
+    Check whether a divisor admits a repunit multiple.
+
+    >>> has_repunit_multiple(7)
+    True
+    >>> has_repunit_multiple(13)
+    True
+    >>> has_repunit_multiple(2)
+    False
+    >>> has_repunit_multiple(25)
+    False
+    """
+    if divisor <= 0:
+        raise ValueError("divisor must be a positive integer")
+    return gcd(divisor, 10) == 1
+
+
+def least_repunit_length(divisor: int) -> int:
+    """
+    Return the smallest length ``k`` such that repunit ``R_k`` is divisible by divisor.
+
+    Uses modular arithmetic to avoid constructing huge integers.
+
+    >>> least_repunit_length(3)
+    3
+    >>> least_repunit_length(7)
+    6
+    >>> least_repunit_length(41)
+    5
+    """
+    if divisor <= 0:
+        raise ValueError("divisor must be a positive integer")
+    if not has_repunit_multiple(divisor):
+        raise ValueError("divisor must be coprime to 10")
+
+    remainder = 0
+    for length in range(1, divisor + 1):
+        remainder = (remainder * 10 + 1) % divisor
+        if remainder == 0:
+            return length
+
+    # Unreachable when gcd(divisor, 10) == 1 (pigeonhole principle theorem).
+    raise ArithmeticError("no repunit length found for divisor")
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    import doctest
+
+    doctest.testmod()