docs: fix outdated references in CONTRIBUTING.md

- Update Python version from 3.13+ to 3.14+ (matches pyproject.toml)
- Replace outdated black formatter recommendation with ruff format (matches .pre-commit-config.yaml)
- Update PEP 8 URL to canonical peps.python.org (old URL 302-redirects)
- Fix inconsistent mypy URL from http://www.mypy-lang.org to https://mypy-lang.org

Author: yash1511-bogam

CONTRIBUTING.md

@@ -77,19 +77,19 @@ pre-commit run --all-files --show-diff-on-failure
 
 We want your work to be readable by others; therefore, we encourage you to note the following:
 
-- Please write in Python 3.13+. For instance: `print()` is a function in Python 3 so `print "Hello"` will *not* work but `print("Hello")` will.
+- Please write in Python 3.14+. For instance: `print()` is a function in Python 3 so `print "Hello"` will *not* work but `print("Hello")` will.
 - Please focus hard on the naming of functions, classes, and variables.  Help your reader by using __descriptive names__ that can help you to remove redundant comments.
   - Single letter variable names are *old school* so please avoid them unless their life only spans a few lines.
   - Expand acronyms because `gcd()` is hard to understand but `greatest_common_divisor()` is not.
   - Please follow the [Python Naming Conventions](https://pep8.org/#prescriptive-naming-conventions) so variable_names and function_names should be lower_case, CONSTANTS in UPPERCASE, ClassNames should be CamelCase, etc.
 
 - We encourage the use of Python [f-strings](https://realpython.com/python-f-strings/#f-strings-a-new-and-improved-way-to-format-strings-in-python) where they make the code easier to read.
 
-- Please consider running [__psf/black__](https://github.com/python/black) on your Python file(s) before submitting your pull request.  This is not yet a requirement but it does make your code more readable and automatically aligns it with much of [PEP 8](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0008/). There are other code formatters (autopep8, yapf) but the __black__ formatter is now hosted by the Python Software Foundation. To use it,
+- Please consider running [__ruff format__](https://docs.astral.sh/ruff/formatter/) on your Python file(s) before submitting your pull request.  This is not yet a requirement but it does make your code more readable and automatically aligns it with much of [PEP 8](https://peps.python.org/pep-0008/). To use it,
 
   ```bash
-  python3 -m pip install black  # only required the first time
-  black .
+  python3 -m pip install ruff  # only required the first time
+  ruff format .
   ```
 
 - All submissions will need to pass the test `ruff .` before they will be accepted so if possible, try this test locally on your Python file(s) before submitting your pull request.
@@ -183,7 +183,7 @@ We want your work to be readable by others; therefore, we encourage you to note
 - If you have modified/added documentation work, ensure your language is concise and contains no grammar errors.
 - Do not update the README.md or DIRECTORY.md file which will be periodically autogenerated by our GitHub Actions processes.
 - Add a corresponding explanation to [Algorithms-Explanation](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Algorithms-Explanation) (Optional but recommended).
-- All submissions will be tested with [__mypy__](http://www.mypy-lang.org) so we encourage you to add [__Python type hints__](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html) where it makes sense to do so.
+- All submissions will be tested with [__mypy__](https://mypy-lang.org) so we encourage you to add [__Python type hints__](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html) where it makes sense to do so.
 
 - Most importantly,
   - __Be consistent in the use of these guidelines when submitting.__