diff --git a/.jules/bolt.md b/.jules/bolt.md
index f1a8c1466..ca33753fc 100644
--- a/.jules/bolt.md
+++ b/.jules/bolt.md
@@ -77,3 +77,6 @@ Optimized metric route processing to O(N) by creating a mapping of routes direct
 ## 2024-07-13 - [Optimize Export Dictionary FK lookups]
 **Learning:** Found O(N * C * E) performance bottleneck in ERD export dictionaries due to repeated array searching with `edges.some()` inside a nested loop over nodes and columns.
 **Action:** Replace repeated linear array scans for edges by precomputing O(1) Set lookups of foreign key column handles per node before looping.
+## 2024-11-20 - Avoid Array.from for String Iteration in Hot Paths
+**Learning:** Using `Array.from(string)` to iterate over characters and map them creates an intermediate array, increasing garbage collection overhead, especially in hot paths like ERD graph handle generation which runs per column.
+**Action:** Prefer `for...of` loops over `Array.from` for string character iteration to prevent intermediate array allocations and reduce garbage collection pressure.
diff --git a/frontend/src/App.coverage.test.tsx b/frontend/src/App.coverage.test.tsx
index 0b9a20aa8..d5332b4b2 100644
--- a/frontend/src/App.coverage.test.tsx
+++ b/frontend/src/App.coverage.test.tsx
@@ -610,6 +610,7 @@ describe('App orchestration coverage', () => {
   it('logs auto-layout failures and preserves nodes added after the undo snapshot', async () => {
     await renderReadyApp()
     fireEvent.click(screen.getByRole('button', { name: '다이어그램' }))
+    await waitFor(() => expect(screen.getAllByRole('button', { name: '열기' }).length).toBeGreaterThan(0))
     vi.useFakeTimers()
     fireEvent.click(screen.getAllByRole('button', { name: '열기' })[0]!)
     await act(async () => {
@@ -641,6 +642,7 @@ describe('App orchestration coverage', () => {
       .mockRejectedValueOnce(new Error('terminal refresh down'))
     await renderReadyApp()
     fireEvent.click(screen.getByRole('button', { name: '다이어그램' }))
+    await waitFor(() => expect(screen.getAllByRole('button', { name: '열기' }).length).toBeGreaterThan(0))
     vi.useFakeTimers()
     fireEvent.click(screen.getAllByRole('button', { name: '열기' })[0]!)
     await act(async () => {
@@ -744,6 +746,7 @@ describe('App orchestration coverage', () => {
     }))
     await renderReadyApp()
     fireEvent.click(screen.getByRole('button', { name: '다이어그램' }))
+    await waitFor(() => expect(screen.getAllByRole('button', { name: '열기' }).length).toBeGreaterThan(0))
     vi.useFakeTimers()
     fireEvent.click(screen.getAllByRole('button', { name: '열기' })[0]!)
     await act(async () => {
@@ -784,6 +787,7 @@ describe('App orchestration coverage', () => {
     })
     await renderReadyApp()
     fireEvent.click(screen.getByRole('button', { name: '다이어그램' }))
+    await waitFor(() => expect(screen.getAllByRole('button', { name: '열기' }).length).toBeGreaterThan(0))
     vi.useFakeTimers()
     fireEvent.click(screen.getAllByRole('button', { name: '열기' })[0]!)
     await act(async () => {
diff --git a/frontend/src/erd/handleUtils.ts b/frontend/src/erd/handleUtils.ts
index 054d5ab2a..3b6bddc3a 100644
--- a/frontend/src/erd/handleUtils.ts
+++ b/frontend/src/erd/handleUtils.ts
@@ -1,10 +1,18 @@
 export function sanitizeHandleId(columnName: string): string {
-  const encoded = Array.from(columnName, (char) => {
-    // Array.from only yields non-empty Unicode scalars, so codePointAt(0) is defined.
-    return char.codePointAt(0)!.toString(16).padStart(4, '0')
-  }).join('-')
+  if (!columnName) return 'c-empty';
 
-  return `c-${encoded || 'empty'}`
+  let encoded = '';
+  let isFirst = true;
+  // ⚡ Bolt: Using for...of avoids intermediate array allocation and GC overhead
+  // that would be caused by Array.from(string) in this hot path.
+  for (const char of columnName) {
+    if (!isFirst) encoded += '-';
+    // for...of only yields non-empty Unicode scalars, so codePointAt(0) is defined.
+    encoded += char.codePointAt(0)!.toString(16).padStart(4, '0');
+    isFirst = false;
+  }
+
+  return `c-${encoded}`;
 }
 
 export function sourceColumnHandleId(columnName: string): string {