diff --git a/.jules/bolt.md b/.jules/bolt.md
index f1a8c1466..916ff9401 100644
--- a/.jules/bolt.md
+++ b/.jules/bolt.md
@@ -77,3 +77,7 @@ Optimized metric route processing to O(N) by creating a mapping of routes direct
 ## 2024-07-13 - [Optimize Export Dictionary FK lookups]
 **Learning:** Found O(N * C * E) performance bottleneck in ERD export dictionaries due to repeated array searching with `edges.some()` inside a nested loop over nodes and columns.
 **Action:** Replace repeated linear array scans for edges by precomputing O(1) Set lookups of foreign key column handles per node before looping.
+
+## 2026-08-25 - [Avoid Array.from intermediate allocations in React hot paths]
+**Learning:** Using `Array.from(string).join('-')` inside highly-invoked code paths like handle generation for ERD tables creates an intermediate array allocation for every column per node, causing significant garbage collection pressure during large graph renders.
+**Action:** Replace `Array.from` with a simple string concatenation inside a `for...of` loop for hot paths to prevent intermediate array allocations and reduce GC overhead.
diff --git a/frontend/src/erd/handleUtils.ts b/frontend/src/erd/handleUtils.ts
index 054d5ab2a..24094c345 100644
--- a/frontend/src/erd/handleUtils.ts
+++ b/frontend/src/erd/handleUtils.ts
@@ -1,8 +1,16 @@
 export function sanitizeHandleId(columnName: string): string {
-  const encoded = Array.from(columnName, (char) => {
-    // Array.from only yields non-empty Unicode scalars, so codePointAt(0) is defined.
-    return char.codePointAt(0)!.toString(16).padStart(4, '0')
-  }).join('-')
+  // ⚡ Bolt: Use a for...of loop instead of Array.from(columnName).join('-')
+  // to avoid allocating an intermediate array and reduce GC pressure for hot paths.
+  let encoded = ''
+  let isFirst = true
+  for (const char of columnName) {
+    if (!isFirst) {
+      encoded += '-'
+    }
+    // for...of over strings natively yields non-empty Unicode scalars, so codePointAt(0) is always defined.
+    encoded += char.codePointAt(0)!.toString(16).padStart(4, '0')
+    isFirst = false
+  }
 
   return `c-${encoded || 'empty'}`
 }