diff --git a/.jules/bolt.md b/.jules/bolt.md
index f658475..43a09e1 100644
--- a/.jules/bolt.md
+++ b/.jules/bolt.md
@@ -15,3 +15,6 @@
 ## 2024-05-15 - [R Performance: ifelse Overhead]
 **Learning:** In R, ifelse evaluates both true and false branches entirely before subsetting, which is very inefficient for vector operations.
 **Action:** Optimize this by preallocating with res <- Y * 0 to preserve attributes and using vectorized subsetting like if any cond res subset <- ...
+## 2024-05-14 - Optimize sapply to vapply for performance
+**Learning:** In R, `sapply` over a list incurs overhead to deduce the return type. When the return type is known, replacing `sapply` with `vapply(..., FUN.VALUE = numeric(1))` provides a small, safe performance gain.
+**Action:** Replace `max(sapply(mispatts, nrow))` with `max(vapply(mispatts, nrow, numeric(1)))` in `R/llcont.R`.
diff --git a/R/llcont.R b/R/llcont.R
index d8e496a..b74269b 100644
--- a/R/llcont.R
+++ b/R/llcont.R
@@ -407,7 +407,7 @@ llcont.lavaan <- function(x, ...){
   if(tolower(lavInspect(x, "options")$missing) == "ml.x") stop("cannot handle lavaan models with missing='ml.x'. consider using missing='ml'.", call. = FALSE)
   mispatts <- lavInspect(x, "patterns")
   if(any(class(mispatts) == "list")){
-    npatts <- max(sapply(mispatts, nrow))
+    npatts <- max(vapply(mispatts, nrow, numeric(1)))
   } else {
     npatts <- nrow(mispatts)
   }